Saudi Arabia profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saudi Arabia profile - Essay Example As on account of numerous other Middle Eastern nations, larger part of the land territory are deserts with some rough mountains in the southwest. Hot and sticky climatic conditions win in Saudi during a time with a special case of just barely any months. 78.8% proficiency is accounted for in Saudi according to the 2010 insights. Saudi guys are increasingly educated (84.7%) than Saudi females (70.8%). Baby death rate is 11.57 passings/1,000 live births as per the 2010 insights. Ladies overwhelm in future rates in Saudi with 78 years against 74 years of the guys. Over 35% of the Saudi workforce are from remote nations and administration part is the significant income source in Saudi (63%) trailed by industry (25%) and horticulture (12%). 2010 measurements show that GDP of Saudi is $623 billion and yearly development rate is 3.8%. Per capita of Saudi populace is one among the bests on the planet with an appealing figure of $24,200. Gold and oil are the significant normal assets or income wellsprings of Saudi. Prior to the disclosure of oil sources in Middle East, gold mining and fishing were a portion of the significant income wellsprings of Saudi. Hydrocarbons, uranium, coal, phosphate, and tungsten are some other characteristic assets of Saudi Arabia. Surface water sources give 10% of the Saudi’s drinking needs though 84% gives by ground water sources. Desalinated seawater utilized for the drinking needs (5%), yet in addition for producing electric force. Despite the fact that the climatic conditions are not very great for farming, dates, grains and vegetables are developed at certain pieces of Saudi Arabia. As on account of lion's share of the other Middle Eastern nations, fare of oil based goods is the significant income wellspring of Saudi Arabia. Oil and oil based goods fare of Saudi worth around $253 billion though its imports (fabricated products, transportation gear, garments and materials, prepared

AS Music Baroque Ensemble Music Free Essays

Music History Project 4: Baroque gathering music: 1. What is implied by adjusted structure? Talk about its beginnings and primary areas. For what reason was redundancy so significant for Baroque arrangers? Adjusted structure is the place the initial section in the tonic key holds returning around, the most well-known example by and large being ABACA. We will compose a custom article test on AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The An area is known as the hold back or adjusted and the non-A sections are called scenes or couplets. The adjusted structure began in France, and was first the name of a medieval melody with a rehashing design. Later authors n the Classical period wanted to utilize the Italian spelling of the word, rondo. Reiteration in Baroque music was significant for writers and crowds, since arrangers of the Baroque time regularly composed immense measures of music as a major aspect of their business, so were nearly compelled to embrace such efficient techniques. Crowds of the Baroque time additionally couldn't quick advance, rewind or replay portions of music like we can today, so reiteration permitted the crowd to remain on target, and not lose the plot of the piece. 2. The twofold structure in Baroque music: portray the structure and remark on similarity as would happen in the various segments: A tremendous measure of Baroque pieces, particularly ones dependent on moves, are in paired structure, which is music where there are two unmistakably separate areas, each typically rehashed. The letters ABA are regularly used to depict double structure in music. The two areas may be comparative long, or the second may be longer than the first. In parallel structure, segment A typically starts in the tonic key, and afterward finishes in another key, regularly the prevailing, or if the beginning key is minor, for example, segment A might end in its relative major. Segment B, in any case, as a rule experiences keys not recently heard in the piece, and afterward finishes in the tonic key. 3. Thoroughly analyze Baroque instrumental music with that of the Renaissance : Instrumental music was significantly more significant and abundant in the Baroque time frame than it had recently been, the point at which most of music was vocal. The improved instrument innovation helped, and permitted and urged arrangers to grow truly instrumental methods of composing. A great part of the Renaissance time frame music was composed for voices just, and some Renaissance style music for instruments is vocal in its character. The more vocal styles of Renaissance music, diverging from the instrumental music of the Baroque time frame is the principle contrast between the two. 4. In sections of around 75 words outlines data on the accompanying Baroque instrumental families: Strings Woodwind Brass Keyboard Strings: The primary Violins, Violas and Cellos were made in Italy in the late sixteenth century. For quite a while, these instruments, called the Violin family, were utilized nearby instruments from the Viol family, however continuously surpassed them in notoriety. The Baroque bow was straight or curve formed as opposed to internal bending as today, the edge was imperceptibly lower, and its bend shallower, which thusly made various halting simpler. The neck bowed back at a marginally bigger point, and with the lower connect, along these lines put the strings at a lower pressure, making the sound less amazing. Woodwind: Recorders were vigorously utilized all through the Baroque time frame, the most ordinarily utilized sort being f alto (treble). Recorders dropped out of utilization after the Baroque time frame, returning into utilization in the late twentieth century. Ornate woodwinds were typically made out of wood, with finger openings and Just one key for a difficult to arrive at bass note. The done woodwinds did not have a portion of the sound nature of current metal ones; they couldn't arrive at such high notes, and were held sideways. Oboe players delivered sound, equivalent to they despite everything do right up 'til the present time, by blowing between two reeds. The Baroque oboe created from the Shawn, an all the more impressive, even cruel instrument, which was frequently played outside. In some Baroque pieces, oboes multiplied (played indistinguishable parts from) violins, however they in some cases had solo jobs. Metal: Trumpets in Baroque music were regularly associated with illustrious and military services, and were consequently viewed as an uncommon instrument. They had no valves, so various notes were played by the artist utilizing diverse lip pressures. Early metal instruments without valves are called ‘natural’. Trombones were to a great extent preferred in Venice in the early sass’s, principally in stylized music for execution in chapel. Rococo trombones were less amazing than present day ones, so could along these lines be better joined with milder instruments. To recognize current from Baroque instruments, the last are for the most part known as ‘sackbuts’, or ‘sackbuts’. Horns are found in some later Baroque pieces, including Bach’s Brandenburg concerto No. , which incorporates a horn called corn father acacia, (Italian for ‘hunting horn’). The crown father acacia shared the adjusted state of the advanced horn, yet needed valves and had a lighter, more brilliant sound, and was regularly utilized in sharp areas of pieces. Console: Harpsichords are console instruments which have strings that are precisely culled when the keys are squeezed. Harpsichords from the Baroque time frame shift in tone and development from nation to nation. Clavichords are console instruments that have strings which are hit by tangents’ when the keys, which have a teeter-totter like activity, are squeezed. In the Baroque time frame, Clavichords were utilized for the most part in Germany. They had a peaceful sound, which along these lines made them wrong for use at large open shows, yet perfect for making music at home. In contrast to Harpsichords, Clavichords were contact delicate, and thusly, alongside the sledge sound creation, they resembled present day pianos. Organs differed inconceivably in their size, development and tone. German organs regularly had at least two manuals and pedals. English organs, then again, typically had no pedals and once in a while more than one manual. 5. What is implied by ‘retooling? Retooling structure is the structure that numerous late Baroque pieces, particularly those from concertos, are in. The structure is like Rounded, yet increasingly refined. An initial section is heard on at least two events all through the piece, however not in every case essentially in full, with different entries in the middle. These purported ‘in between’ entries, once in a while much longer than the wildness, are called ‘episodes’ and are regularly for less instruments. A retooling can likewise be an instrumental section inside a vocal piece. . Depict quickly the structure off ordinary Baroque suite: There is no cut out example of development in Baroque suites, however later models incorporated the accompanying moves, in a specific order: Allemande: generally moderate speed or genuinely moderate, in 4/4 time, with a short p eppy and a lot of delicate semiquaver development. Current: speedy or genuinely snappy, in 3/4 or 3/2 Serenade: slow triple time, typically 3/4, regularly with the second beat of the bar underlines. Segue; fast and exuberant, typically in a compound time, for example, 12/8 7. Clarify how Baroque writers would develop the moves that would show up in a suite. What changes would they bring into their music? Moves are for the most part in double structure, yet authors in some cases expanded their work in one of the accompanying ways: Two moves of a similar kind (both parallel) show up in the request first move, second move, first move rehashed, delivering a sort of ternary (ABA) structure. Two forms of a solitary move are given, the first ‘plain’, the second with significantly more ornamentation included. Some cutting edge entertainers play the plain move total, with the two segments rehashed and afterward the twofold correspondingly. Extravagant arrangers may have some of the time played either the plain move or the twofold, not both. The most effective method to refer to AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music, Papers

The Life & Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche :: Biographies Biographical Essays

The Life and Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Reasoning Class Essay Born: 1844. Rocken, Germany Died: 1900. Weimar, Germany Major Works: The Gay Science (1882), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), Significant IDEAS Self duplicity is an especially damaging trait of West Culture. Life is The Will To Power; our normal want is to rule and reshape the world to accommodate our own inclinations and affirm our individual solidarity to the fullest degree conceivable. Battle, through which people accomplish a level of intensity similar with their capacities, is the fundamental reality of human presence. Standards of human balance propagate average quality - a reality that has been misshaped and disguised by present day esteem frameworks. Christian profound quality, which distinguishes goodness with resignation what's more, servility is the prime offender in making a social atmosphere that impedes the drive for greatness and self acknowledgment God is dead; another period of human imagination and accomplishment is close by. - Great Thinkers In The Western World. By: Ian P. McGreal, 1992 Prelude Much data is accessible on Mr. Friedrich Nietzsche, including numerous books that he kept in touch with himself, during his philosophical profession. I took this as a decent sign I would discover a wellspring of illuminated material delivered by the man. I've needed to experience my very own touch philosophical contemplations to put my own worth decisions aside, and genuinely search for the commitments Nietzsche provided for reasoning. Quite a bit of my comprehension came simply after I had a grip of Neitzsche's history; along these lines, I urge you to peruse up on his history before jumping into his way of thinking (see Appendix I). The present day Westerner may differ with each part of his way of thinking, however there are numerous things one should tragically concede are valid (just in the event that you set your profound quality aside). Along these lines, from here, I will introduce his commitments to reasoning, and put forth a valiant effort to erase my own suppositions, other than to state that he was not the picked subject of this paper out of any profound respect. THE PHILOSOPHY OF FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE Once in a while reasoning is designated immortal, inferring that it's exercises are of incentive to any age. This might be difficult to find in Nietzsche's work; in any case, we are guaranteed that it was fitting idea for his time. Be that as it may, indeed, even Nietzsche's faultfinders concede that his words hold an irrefutable truth, as hard for what it's worth to acknowledge. Maybe this is the reason his work is ageless, and has endure 150 years in print.

Anguish in Gerard Manley Hopkins Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

In much of the poetry of Gerard Manly Hopkins it is his mental anguish and suffering that strikes a chord with the reader. The extreme nature of his suffering can be seen most clearly in two of his terrible sonnets, â€Å"No worst, there is none† and â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark†, which were written towards the end of his life. In his poem â€Å"Felix Randal† we see Hopkins first begin to doubt Gods goodness, a theme that is carried through to the terrible sonnets. Even in Hopkins’ more light and joyous poetry, such as â€Å"Spring† and â€Å"The Windhover†, there is an underlying theme of redemption, hinting at the questions of sin and forgiveness that torment the poet. However, not all of Hopkins’ poetry is defined by despair and anguish. Many of his earlier poems such as â€Å"Pied Beauty† focus on the beauty and wonder of nature. While reading Hopkins’ poetry, it is evident to me that he was keenly aware that mankind was sinful. In â€Å"Spring†, Hopkins takes a more positive view of the theme of redemption, asking Jesus to preserve the innocence of children â€Å"before it cloy, / Before it cloud†. Although masked by the light verbal music of the poem, it is clear that Hopkins is highly conscious of sin, suggesting the unease and torment that fills his mind. A similar obsession with sin and redemption is evident in â€Å"The Windhover†, in which Hopkins uses the metaphor of Christ as a â€Å"chevalier† battling against sin, to express his feelings. Hopkins describes the effect the bird had on his harassed mind, â€Å"My heart in hiding / Stirred for a bird†. The use of sprung rhythm particularly emphasizes the contrast between the poet’s current state of joyous appreciation, and his previous feelings of doubt and torment. Hopkins generates a powerful, unpredic table music as he describes the gruesome death of Christ as â€Å"a billion / Times told lovelier†, once again showing how his restless mind continued to return to thoughts of sin and redemption. We first encounter the theme of religious doubt in the poem â€Å"Felix Randal†. In a moving portrayal of mental and physical suffering Hopkins describes how the â€Å"big-boned and hardy-handsome† Felix Randal was broken by sickness. Felix curses God, and though Hopkins, a young priest, comforts him, it is clear that the poet is also beginning to doubt God’s fundamental mercy. His inner monologue runs between the octet and the sestet, and his personal cry of anguish is evident in his conclusion that â€Å"This seeing the sick endears them to us, us too it endears.† â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark† explores intense states of religious doubt. Hopkins is in a terrible state and calls out to God for help. He uses the metaphor of his prayers as â€Å"dead letters† that are sent to â€Å"dearest him that lives alas! Away†. There is even a sense in which the poet thinks that God wants him to suffer. He writes, â€Å"I am gall, I am h eartburn.† He resents God for trapping him in his body, which he sees as a burden, or a cage in which his tormented soul is encased. Two of Hopkins’ terrible sonnets describe his descent into mental torment. â€Å"No worst, there is none† could be described as a howl of mental torment. Hopkins creates an unpleasant verbal music with the line â€Å"Pitched past pitch of grief†. This jarring cacophony reflects his suffering. His mind is being â€Å"wrung† like a dishcloth, while his psyche is mangled and choked by the torment that afflicts him. â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark† captures the poets terrible insomnia when the night seems to stretch on and on. He compares his mental anguish to a terrible unending journey of dark â€Å"ways† and awful â€Å"sights†. It is clear from both the language and the metaphors used that the poet is gripped by doubt, confusion and despair. While much of Hopkins’ later poetry is characterized by feelings of misery and hopelessness, his earlier poetry is largely an inspired and ecstatic response to nature’s beauty. In â€Å"Spring†, Hophins uses inscape to capture the unique essence and individuality of all that resides in â€Å"Eden garden†. He describes thrush’s eggs as â€Å"little low heavens†, marveling in their unique nature and energy, while also connecting them with the beauty and grandeur of heaven. There is a similar atmosphere of joyous celebration in â€Å"Pied Beauty†. Hopkins uses instress to highlight the divine energy that runs through all of nature. The use of sibilance in the line â€Å"swift, slow; sweet, sour† captures the diversity and beauty of nature. There is no evidence of mental anguish or suffering in â€Å"Peed Beauty†. Hopkins even reduces the typical Petrarchan sonnet to a curtail sonnet to further highlight the originality and d ifferences in nature that he is celebrating. While examining six of Hopkins’ poems, it becomes obvious that from his earliest days as a priest, he experienced underlying feelings of doubt and misery. While these feelings were often healed and diverted by an appreciation of nature, it is clear from Hopkins’ later poetry that his feelings of anguish and mental torment eventually overtook him, and his unwavering faith in God faded.

Southern Dispersal Route How Humans First Left Africa

The Southern Dispersal Route refers to a theory that an early group of modern human beings left Africa between 130,000–70,000 years ago. They moved eastward, following the coastlines of Africa, Arabia, and India, arriving in Australia and Melanesia at least as early as 45,000 years ago. It is one of what appears now to have been multiple migration paths that our ancestors took as they left out of Africa. Coastal Routes Modern Homo sapiens, known as Early Modern Humans, evolved in East Africa between 200,000–100,000 years ago, and spread throughout the continent. The main southern dispersal hypothesis starts 130,000–70,000 years ago in South Africa, when and where modern Homo sapiens lived a generalized subsistence strategy based on hunting and gathering coastal resources like shellfish, fish, and sea lions, and terrestrial resources such as rodents, bovids, and antelope. These behaviors are recorded at archaeological sites known as Howiesons Poort/Still Bay. The theory suggests some people left South Africa and followed the eastern coast up to the Arabian peninsula and then traveled along the coasts of India and Indochina, arriving in Australia by 40,000–50,000 years ago. The notion that humans might have used coastal areas as pathways of migration was first developed by American geographer Carl Sauer in the 1960s. Coastal movement is part of other migration theories including the original out of Africa theory and the Pacific coastal migration corridor thought to have been used to colonize the Americas at least 15,000 years ago. Southern Dispersal Route: Evidence Archaeological and fossil evidence supporting the Southern Dispersal Route includes similarities in stone tools and symbolic behaviors at several archaeological sites throughout the world. South Africa: Howiesons Poort/Stillbay sites such as Blombos Cave,  Klasies River Caves, 130,000–70,000Tanzania: Mumba Rock Shelter (~50,000–60,000)United Arab Emirates: Jebel Faya (125,000)India: Jwalapuram (74,000) and PatneSri Lanka: Batadomba-lenaBorneo: Niah Cave (50,000–42,000)Australia: Lake Mungo and Devils Lair Chronology of the Southern Dispersal The site of Jwalapuram in India is key to dating the southern dispersal hypothesis. This site has stone tools which are similar to Middle Stone Age South African assemblages, and they occur both before and after the eruption of the Toba volcano in Sumatra, which has recently been securely dated to 74,000 years ago. The power of the massive volcanic eruption was largely considered to have created a wide swath of ecological disaster, but because of the findings at Jwalapuram, the level of devastation has recently come under debate. There were several other species of humans sharing planet earth at the same time as the migrations out of Africa: Neanderthals, Homo erectus, Denisovans, Flores, and Homo heidelbergensis). The amount of interaction Homo sapiens had with them during their sojourn out of Africa, including what role the EMH had with the other hominins disappearing from the planet, is still widely debated. Stone Tools and Symbolic Behavior Stone tool assemblages in Middle Paleolithic East Africa were primarily made using a Levallois reduction method, and include retouched forms such as projectile points. These types of tools were developed during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8, about 301,000-240,000 years ago. People leaving Africa took those tools with them as they spread eastward, arriving in Arabia by MIS 6–5e (190,000–130,000 years ago), India by MIS 5 (120,000–74,000), and in southeast Asia by MIS 4 (74,000 years ago). Conservative dates in southeast Asia include those at Niah Cave in Borneo at 46,000 and in Australia by 50,000–60,000. The earliest evidence for symbolic behavior on our planet is in South Africa, in the form of the use of red ochre as paint, carved and etched bone and ochre nodules, and beads made from deliberately perforated sea shells. Similar symbolic behaviors have been found at the sites which make up the southern diaspora: red ochre use and ritual burials at Jwalapuram, ostrich shell beads in southern Asia, and widespread perforated shells and shell beads, hematite with ground facets, and ostrich shell beads. There is also evidence for the long distance movement of ochres—ochre was so important a resource it was sought and curated—as well as engraved figurative and non-figurative art, and composite and complex tools such as stone axes with narrow waists and ground edges, and adzes made of marine shell. The Process of Evolution and Skeletal Diversity So, in summary, there is growing evidence that people began to leave Africa beginning at least as early as the Middle Pleistocene (130,000), during a period when the climate was warming. In evolution, the region with the most diverse gene pool for a given organism is recognized as a marker of its point of origin. An observed pattern of decreasing genetic variability and skeletal form for humans has been mapped with distance from sub-Saharan Africa. At the moment, the pattern of ancient skeletal evidence and modern human genetics scattered throughout the world best matches a multiple-event diversity. It seems that the first time we left Africa was from South Africa at least 50,000–130,000 then along and through the Arabian peninsula; and then there was a second outflow from East Africa through the Levant at 50,000 and then into northern Eurasia. If the Southern Dispersal Hypothesis continues to stand up in the face of more data, the dates are likely to deepen: there is evidence for early modern humans in southern China by 120,000–80,000 bp. Out of Africa TheorySouthern Dispersal RouteMultiregional Theory Sources Armitage, Simon J., et al. The Southern Route out of Africa: Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia. Science 331.6016 (2011): 453–56. Print.Boivin, Nicole, et al. Human Dispersal across Diverse Environments of Asia During the Upper Pleistocene. Quaternary International 300 (2013): 32–47. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., and Todd J. Braje. Coasting out of Africa: The Potential of Mangrove Forests and Marine Habitats to Facilitate Human Coastal Expansion Via the Southern Dispersal Route. Quaternary International 382 (2015): 31–41. Print.Ghirotto, Silvia, Luca Penso-Dolfin, and Guido Barbujani. Genomic Evidence for an African Expansion of Anatomically Modern Humans by a Southern Route. Human Biology 83.4 (2011): 477–89. Print.Groucutt, Huw S., et al. Stone Tool Assemblages and Models for the Dispersal of Homo Sapiens out of Africa. Quaternary International 382 (2015): 8–30. Print.Liu, Wu, et al. The Earliest Unequivocally Modern Humans in Southern China. Nature 526 (2015): 696. Print.Reyes-Centeno, Hugo, et al. Genomic and Cranial Phenotype Data Support Multiple Modern Human Dispersals from Africa and a Southern Route into Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.20 (2014): 7248–53. Print.Reyes-Centeno, Hugo, et al. Testing Modern Human out-of-Africa Dispersal Models Using Dental Nonmetric Data. Current Anthropology 58.S17 (2017): S406–S17. Print.

The Challenges Between Homosexuality And Feminism

The Challenges between Homosexuality and Feminism in the Christian Religion While dating back to approximately 2000 years ago, Christianity s influence on the modern world is ever-present. As one of oldest monotheistic religions today, Christianity has a diverse following to accommodate its diverse interpretations and thus denominations. For instance, as Christianity influenced the beliefs of the Roman Church, some followers did not entirely agree with its teachings. This caused a new branch of Christianity to emerge, known largely as Protestantism. As the Roman Church, grew in followers, the teachings taught often singled out certain individuals because of their sexual orientation or their right for equality, which posed a challenge to the religion itself. These challenges were seen as homosexuality and feminism. Homosexuality is a tough subject in the Roman Church because it alludes its followers to believe that God had intended for relationships to be between man and woman not man and man. It leads followers to believe that homosexuality is a sin, and the act alone should not be tolerated. Another challenge that the Roman Church now faces is Feminism. Feminist, fight for the equality between men and women. It believes that women should be ordained as priests like any other males, while also giving light on certain health resources that should be given to women. As homosexuality and feminism, delivered a challenge to the Roman Church, these challenges have also foundShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Quest For A Utopian World Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The proposed research work will be entitled â€Å"Homosexuality: Quest for a Utopian World†. 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Efficiency and Safety of Vaccination-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency and safety of vaccination in the pediatric population. Answer: Introduction: There are various different reasons behind the onset of medical adversities; however, the communicable diseases pose the most threatening of the medical adversities that pose the biggest and most critical to overcome challenge. There is a vast variety of different communicable diseases, and most of them contribute to the increasing mortality rates and co-morbidity in different age groups, although it has to be mentioned that the most of the detrimental impact of the communicable diseases is imparted on the health and wellbeing of the children. The annual rates of the pediatric mortality rate due to different communicable diseases are extremely high in this particular sector, and that is the reason the vaccination activity is the most emphasized for the pediatric populations (Al-Salem et al. 2012). The vaccines can be defined as one of the greatest achievements of the medical science and health care in general that has effectively revolutionized the heath care delivery when it comes to the communicable disease outbreaks. Now it has to be mentioned that the roles that vaccination has played is great; when considering the communicable outbreaks that have been endemic and epidemic scale in the absence of any sound intervention strategy like smallpox, polio, measles, rubella, and many more; and almost all of the mentioned communicable diseases outbreaks have the highest risk of targeting the pediatric populations. Hence, in order to implement a preventative strategy that can effectively decrease the alarmingly increasing mortality rates in the pediatric and neonatal population the vaccination procedure has a global emphasis on the pediatric population, and the strategy has been effective as well (Baggs et al. 2011). Although it has to be understood in this context that the vaccinat ion procedures have a lot of risks associated as well and if a strong safety and efficiency protocol in place, there can be many severe consequences that can potentially threaten the health and wellbeing of the children receiving the vaccination. This assignment will attempt to explore the need for safety and efficacy in vaccination and the procedures in place in the pediatric population emphasizing on the Saudi Arabian demographic context. Need For Safety and Efficiency: According to the Black et al. (2010), the vaccination procedure is designed and implemented in the hopes of providing mostly the children population, with a few adult vaccination exceptions, in order to provide acquired immunity against a few selective communicable infections. There are different types of vaccines that provide differential immunity and the type and dosage of the vaccination depends on the need of the recipient as per the age group that the individual must have. However, regardless of the type of vaccination pr the dosage of the vaccination that is being administered, the procedure must follow a meticulous and detailed safety protocol for the vaccines to be effective and avoid any chances of contamination and infection (Buttery et al. 2011). It has to be mentioned in this context that the safety procedures that are implemented for the vaccination procedures are multi- dimensional, and the safety and efficiency checking procedures are carried out in both the manufacturing- licensing phase and while in the health care facility as well. There are different authorative bodies that direct control and monitor the safety and efficacy of the different vaccines and dosage specifications and the centre for disease control and prevention or the CDC can be considered the most effective one. It has to be mentioned that the safety and efficacy of the vaccines are a serious concern in the public health scenario as there are many adverse effects that are associated will ill- controlled vaccination procedure implemented to the children. One prime example of the adverse effect of overwhelming impact of too many vaccines with too much dosage has a possible impact on development of autism and similar developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Hence, the efficiency and the relevance of the vaccines are meticulously checked and evaluated before it is even released in the market by the authorative bodies. However only checking the efficiency is nowhere near enough as the most of the threat to the children when it comes to faulty vaccination procedure is the safety protocol implemented in the vaccine administration procedure in the health care facility (Gee et al. 2011). According of a recent statistics the phenomenon of safe immunization process can be considered still a massive concern for the developing countries. There are major concerns that the emerging nations are facing when it comes to safe and effective immunization procedure, they are, right vaccine composition, handling, scheduling and administering the vaccines or injections, and the surveillance and evaluation of the vaccines being administered to the pediatric patients. Along with that, it has to be mentioned in this context that the safe waste disposal during the vaccine administration procedure, according to a recent statistics there are closely 1 billion injections administered annually on the patients for the immunization procedure. And along with that the unsafe injection administration is a regular event that occurs routinely in the developing nations and leads to many health adversities for the patient population. Hence, it can be mentioned here that the developing countries, ho wever very little are attempting the need for safe and effective monitoring on the vaccine administration procedure (Glanz et al. 2011). Safety practices in vaccine administration in Saudi Arabia: The country under emphasis in the vaccine administration safety review assignment is Saudi Arabia, and it has to be mentioned in this context that the nation has successfully achieve tremendous accomplishments in the sector for basic immunization coverage. In addition, the country has been able to successfully achieve the same by the means of a series of structured vaccination programs carried out in a well controlled a connected network of primary health care centres (Lee et al. 2011). However, there has been a brewing consensus regarding the safety of the programs both in design and implementation procedure mostly due to the lack of effective surveillance framework or program in the remote areas. In a pilot study, the incidence of adverse effects after immunization has been studies after the different vaccination programs that have been carried out on children aged 6 and lower. And hence it has to be mentioned in this context that in case of the DTP vaccination, which is the most c ommon and most abundantly administered vaccine in the pediatric populations can be the fact that the rate for adverse effects after immunization or AEFI are alarmingly high in the remote and rural areas. The incidence rate of the AEFI depended heavily upon the age of the child, vaccine preparation, clinical setting involved and the dosage schedule of the vaccination involved (Memish et al. 2013). It has to be mentioned in this context that the increase in the rte of adverse events after immunization is intricately linked with the different factors and the most of the adverse events occurred in the children during the first twenty four to forty eight hours of the vaccine administration. Despite the regular vaccination safety administration procedures the statistics of adverse events associated with the different kinds of adverse events associated with the vaccination process in Saudi Arabia is more than 90%. Elaborating more, close to more than 80% of the adverse events were discovered to be local reactions after the vaccine administration and along with that systemic reactions were reported soon after in the recipients in the 79% of the recipients. Fever has been discovered as the most crucial adverse event associated with the faulty and unsafe vaccination procedure closely followed by systemic reactions like vomiting, hypotonicity and irritation. Along with that, few of the studies focusing on the vaccination safety scenario of Saudi Arabia has also revealed the prevalence of behavioral reactions after the vaccination and the percentage of these long term reactions are almost more than 40%. There it can be concluded based on the statistical data represented above that the safety situation of vaccination procedure is in dire need of reform and the condition is worsening in case of the remote and rural areas (Al-Qatari 2010). Challenges and recommendations: In order to address the alarming condition of the vaccination safety and efficacy monitoring and implementation in the Saudi Arabia, it is crucial to discover all the different challenges associated with this situation. Now elaborating on the challenges it is also extremely important to explore and evaluate all the contributing factors associated with this situation so that a interventional strategy can be designed that can address all the challenges and successfully overcome the said challenges. First and foremost, it has to be mentioned that the most of the incidence rate in the pediatric population of AEFI has been reported in the remote areas where the health care delivery is limited and there is a significant lack of any surveillance and monitoring body overlooking the safety protocol compliance in the above mentioned demographic. it has to be mentioned in this context that the compliance rate to the vaccination safety procedures in place for Saudi Arabia primary health care fac ilities in the urban areas are much higher than what is observed in the rural or remote areas (Al-Qatari 2010). Hence, two of the most important contributing factors behind the present alarming condition are the lack of compliance rate and any surveillance or monitoring body in the remote areas overlooking the lack of compliance and care quality. Another very important factor that has been discovered in this context is the lack of knowledge and training in the existing staff in the remote areas in regards to the new and effective vaccination safety or safe vaccine administration activities that is being utilized globally. According to the Rehmani and Memon (2010), the most of training procedure and professional development programs are held in the urbanized clinical settings and hence the already understaffed facilities in the remote areas do not get the opportunity to adapt to the innovative safety techniques and protocols and hence the rate of ADFI keeps escalating. Lastly, the la ck of effective government initiative cannot be ignored in this discussion as well. It has to be mentioned that the lack of infrastructure in the rural areas are another grave contributing factor behind the escalating issue. A few recommendations that the Saudi Arabian health care authorities can atke into consideration in order to improve the present situation are: First and foremost, there is need for a strong and strict surveillance framework that will overlook the safety handling and administration procedure of the vaccines, and along with that, care needs to be taken to ensure that the remote areas are being regularly monitored as well for compliance to the protocols in place (Tse et al. 2012). Secondly, the lack of skills and training in the existing nursing staff also needs to be taken into consideration along with the low staffing situation in the primary health care facilities in the rural areas when compared to the urbanized regions (Weber et al. 2013). Training and professional development program involving the global authorities, executed in all the remote areas will eventually help the health care staff acquire better competence in handling and administering vaccines safely and effectively (Yih et al. 2011). Lastly, there is need for effective and collective efforts being invested from both the national government and the global health acre improvement authorities so that staffing and infrastructure of these regions can be improved and the children are no longer in risk for vaccine safety related health adversity (Yousif et al. 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that there are various concerns and issues with the safety and efficiency maintenance of the vaccinations that are being implemented in the pediatric population. In addition, the most of the adverse situation is in case of the developing nations. This assignment effectively discussed the challenges and issues prevalent in this are taking the assistance of the Saudi Arabian context, although the scenario is very similar in all pf the developing nations. Hence, there is need for a more effective and innovative surveillance and monitoring coupled with adequate staffing and training, which can attempt to address the concerns that are prevalent in this issue as discussed. And with co-operative and collaborative efforts invested from all kinds of national and global authorities, these challenges can be hoped to be overcome. References: Al-Qatari, G., 2010. Vaccination Practice in Saudi Arabia: Is It Safe?. Al-Salem, A.H., Kothari, M.R., AlHani, H.M., Oquaish, M.M., Khogeer, S.S. and Desouky, M.S., 2012. Safety of intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine for neonates in Eastern Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal,33(2), pp.172-176. Baggs, J., Gee, J., Lewis, E., Fowler, G., Benson, P., Lieu, T., Naleway, A., Klein, N.P., Baxter, R., Belongia, E. and Glanz, J., 2011. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: a model for monitoring immunization safety.Pediatrics,127(Supplement 1), pp.S45-S53. Black, S., Eskola, J., Siegrist, C.A., Halsey, N., MacDonald, N., Law, B., Miller, E., Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Salmon, D. and Vannice, K., 2010. Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines.The Lancet,374(9707), pp.2115-2122. Buttery, J.P., Danchin, M.H., Lee, K.J., Carlin, J.B., McIntyre, P.B., Elliott, E.J., Booy, R., Bines, J.E. and PAEDS/APSU Study Group, 2011. Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia.Vaccine,29(16), pp.3061-3066. Gee, J., Naleway, A., Shui, I., Baggs, J., Yin, R., Li, R., Kulldorff, M., Lewis, E., Fireman, B., Daley, M.F. and Klein, N.P., 2011. Monitoring the safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: findings from the Vaccine Safety Datalink.Vaccine,29(46), pp.8279-8284. Glanz, J.M., Newcomer, S.R., Hambidge, S.J., Daley, M.F., Narwaney, K.J., Xu, S., Lee, G.M., Baggs, J., Klein, N.P., Nordin, J.D. and Naleway, A.L., 2011. Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 24 to 59 months in the vaccine safety datalink.Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine,165(8), pp.749-755. Lee, G.M., Greene, S.K., Weintraub, E.S., Baggs, J., Kulldorff, M., Fireman, B.H., Baxter, R., Jacobsen, S.J., Irving, S., Daley, M.F. and Yin, R., 2011. H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccine safety in the vaccine safety datalink project.American journal of preventive medicine,41(2), pp.121-128. Memish, Z., Al Hakeem, R., Al Neel, O., Danis, K., Jasir, A. and Eibach, D., 2013. Laboratory-confirmed invasive meningococcal disease: effect of the Hajj vaccination policy, Saudi Arabia, 1995 to 2011.Euro Surveill,18(37), p.20581. Poland, G.A., 2010. The 20092010 influenza pandemic: effects on pandemic and seasonal vaccine uptake and lessons learned for seasonal vaccination campaigns.Vaccine,28, pp.D3-D13. Rehmani, R. and Memon, J.I., 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in a Saudi hospital.Vaccine,28(26), pp.4283-4287. Tse, A., Tseng, H.F., Greene, S.K., Vellozzi, C., Lee, G.M. and VSD Rapid Cycle Analysis Influenza Working Group, 2012. Signal identification and evaluation for risk of febrile seizures in children following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 20102011.Vaccine,30(11), pp.2024-2031. Weber, J.S., Kudchadkar, R.R., Yu, B., Gallenstein, D., Horak, C.E., Inzunza, H.D., Zhao, X., Martinez, A.J., Wang, W., Gibney, G. and Kroeger, J., 2013. Safety, efficacy, and biomarkers of nivolumab with vaccine in ipilimumab-refractory or-naive melanoma.Journal of clinical oncology,31(34), pp.4311-4318. Weldeselassie, Y.G., Whitaker, H.J. and Farrington, C.P., 2011. Use of the self-controlled case-series method in vaccine safety studies: review and recommendations for best practice.Epidemiology Infection,139(12), pp.1805-1817. Yih, W.K., Kulldorff, M., Fireman, B.H., Shui, I.M., Lewis, E.M., Klein, N.P., Baggs, J., Weintraub, E.S., Belongia, E.A., Naleway, A. and Gee, J., 2011. Active surveillance for adverse events: the experience of the Vaccine Safety Datalink project.Pediatrics, pp.peds-2010. Yousif, M., Albarraq, A., Abdallah, M. and Elbur, A., 2013. Parents knowledge and attitudes on childhood immunization, Taif, Saudi Arabia.J Vaccines Vaccin,5(215), p.2.

Soccer and Camp Nou Essay Example

Soccer and Camp Nou Essay Soccer is globally the most popular sport in the world, so many footballers step into the pitch to create moments that will go down forever in history. Camp Nou is home to my favorite soccer team which is FC Barcelona and it is a place where I have witnessed many unforgettable moments. The Camp Nou is special to me because I witnessed one of the greatest moments in the sport at that location, which I will never forget. Even though I have never personally stepped on the Camp Nou, it is one of the most beautiful and inspiring scenes one could ever witness. Once you set your eyes on it you will become mesmerized and nothing can distract you from the game that is being played. The Camp Nou has so many details that one person cannot highlight all of them by themselves. To me, a soccer pitch is a place where I set my eyes on and it and every worry or stress that I had before is gone. School, friends, and stress all disappear from my mind after the game starts and all I can focus on are the 22 footballers giving everything for their club. The amount of people you see in the stands is breathtaking as they all come together to cheer or boo for their team. Spectating a game of soccer you just see fans surrounding the whole stadium and how each club has a song that the fans sing in the beginning and end of a game. It really is remarkable to see the players walk through the tunnel with each of them having a mascot, and seeing how these little kids look up to these players. A soccer stadium is more than a place where a sport is played but it is more so an environment where fans celebrate the greatness of a team or to watch miserably their team lose. In soccer, critics see how many goals you have scored at your club and rank you based off that, but in soccer there are so many elements that a player can contribute to his team. In order to score you have to kick the ball through the goal and honestly it is the first thing that catches my eye when Im We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer and Camp Nou specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer and Camp Nou specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer and Camp Nou specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Philosophy essay

Philosophy essay Philosophy essay Philosophy essay1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle and how is it used in determining Safety versus Acceptable Risk? What is the difference between Corporate Liability and Strict Liability? What are the ways in which the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle can be used in the ethical amelioration of pollution?The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle serves as a guide for many business ethical decisions as it is one of the key principles of business ethics. The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle ensures ethical professionalism in business environment. It has been found that this principle lies in the basis of biomedical science as it was developed from Hippocrates’ ethical approach: â€Å"First, do not harm†. The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle is often interpreted as the non-maleficence principle, accord to which people should never do harm to others. Human morality is based on this principle. Today many corporations place em phasis on the role of the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle in everyday business practices, providing employees with ethical obligation to never do harm to others (e.g. the general public, business partners and staff members). The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle can be applied to business relationships, interpersonal relationships, as well as to finding the proper solutions to various environmental challenges and health-related issues (e.g. transmission of the HIV virus).     In fact, this principle is often used to determine Safety versus Acceptable Risk. The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle requires improving working conditions in order to prevent employees from any hazards that can cause serious damage to human health. Safety risk stands for various kinds of risks associated with health-related hazards. Acceptable risk can be defined as the risk that can be taken as it is, and the level of this type of risk should be lowered to the acceptable level.   De George argues that â€Å"some jobs are inherently dangerous, and with these, the general rules of determining acceptable risk come into play† (280). The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle is used to identify both safety risks and acceptable risks as it is focused on safety protection and reduction in the amount of risk. Generally speaking, the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle requires the use of the proper skills, abilities and knowledge to guarantee safety in the workplace and the general environment. Employees should be aware of a wide range of risks they encounter in the working setting or in the environment.There are certain differences between Corporate Liability and Strict Liability. Corporate Liability and Strict Liability require the application of the proper ethical and moral principles to control the appropriateness of the actions of individuals.   De George believes that â€Å"liability for actions means that one can rightly be made to pay for the adverse effects of oneâ⠂¬â„¢s actions†(104). Corporate Liability stands for the type of liability, which can be identified at the corporate level. Corporate Liability involves the obligation of employees to prevent corporate malfeasance. Besides, Corporate Liability refers to a wide range of liability risks, which should be taken into consideration by shareholders to provide effective control over the actions of individuals. However, Strict Liability is based on more strict types of obligations, including the individuals’ responsibility for some harmful action regardless of their fault. Richard De George gives a clear definition o the term â€Å"strict liability†: â€Å"the doctrine of strict liability does not assess blame, and is different from finding a company negligent, or culpable of not taking sufficient care in producing its products, or of failing   to correct defects it knows about† (278). Strict Liability places emphasis on the significance of regulation of the indi viduals’ actions, without imposing blame for these harmful actions.There are certain ways in which the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle can be used in the ethical amelioration of pollution. As the â€Å"Do No Harm† is considered to be the moral principle, it can be applied to ethical amelioration of pollution.   De George argues that this principle stands for the â€Å"general obligation binding on individuals and corporations alike†(193). It is possible to prevent pollution by means of the proper strategies based on the â€Å"Do No Harm† principle. In fact, environmental problems are caused by a wide range of factors, including technological problems and ethical concerns. Corporations are focused on the use of the appropriate resources to support the ethical amelioration of pollution through the reduction of various negative effects on the environment and the general public. The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle deals with a wide range of environmen tal concerns, including serious challenges with hazardous wastes, water pollution, air pollution, increased sound levels, and some problems with wildlife and habitat preservation. The â€Å"Do No Harm† principle highlights the necessity to use effective technologies aimed at promoting ethical amelioration of pollution.2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Please explain the different kinds of whistle blowing. Provide at least one argument for why whistle blowing is morally permissible, and not morally permissible. Please explain under what circumstances is whistle blowing is not only morally permissible, but also, morally required.The different kinds of whistle blowing can be explained by the theory of whistle blowing developed by Richard De George. It has been found that various circumstances affect the appropriateness of whistle blowing.   In other words, whistle blowing depends on the situation.   Whistle blowing is based on employees’ responsibilities to prevent h armful behaviors, actions or policies that violate laws. Actually, Richard De George’s theory of whistle blowing helps to better understand the appropriateness of whistle blowing and its effects on the whistle blower and the company. Richard De George argues that there are three kinds of whistleblowing morally prohibited whistle blowing, morally permitted whistle blowing and morally required whistle blowing. In fact, whistle blowing stands for the employee’s obligation or duty to respond to harmful actions, preventing the company from doing harm to the general public. According to De George, three kinds of whistle blowing have obvious differences that are connected with the level of the employee’s morale and the circumstances. Whistle blowing is morally permitted provided an employee is willing to reveal harmful actions caused by the company to the general public. These harmful actions can be defined as illegal actions if the established laws are violated. In mo st cases, whistle blowing is focused not only on morale, but also on human duty to prevent harm. According to De George, there several conditions, highlighting the appropriateness of morally permissible whistle blowing practices:if harmful action toward others is caused by the company’s products, policies or decisions, affecting the general public;if an employee has reported his/her concerns concerning harmful actions to his/her supervisor(s);if a whistle blower is â€Å"getting no satisfaction from their immediate supervisors† (300).Actually, whistle blowing can be viewed as morally permissible if the company’s actions, decisions, products or services do serious harm to the general public. A whistle blower’s decision is based on moral obligation to blow the whistle and to stop harmful actions.   The act of whistle blowing in this case is justifiable because an employee who blows a whistle is not supported by his/her supervisors. This fact means that th e internal processes in the company are confidential and illegal. Thus, a whistle blower makes a decision to prevent corruption in the company. Indisputably, in this case, the whistle blower’s actions may destroy the company’s image on the competitive market through adverse publicity.Whistle blowing is not morally permissible if a whistle blower does not want to damage the company’s reputation and the company’s harm is not serious.Whistle blowing is not only morally permissible, but also, morally required if a whistle blower has found some interesting facts, documentation or evidence that will help to convince the public of the negative effects of the company’s policies, products or actions. According to De George, â€Å"even with some documentation and evidence, a potential whistle blower may not be taken seriously, or may not be able to get the media or government agency to take any action† (311). This fact means is if a whistle blower has got some important confidential information, it can be used to prevent harm. As a matter of fact, two conditions should be added to defined morally permissible whistle blowing: â€Å"the employee must have good reasons to believe that by going public the necessary changes will be brought about†(De George 311).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, De George provide strong arguments that help to identify the appropriateness of whistle blowing and find difference between three kinds of whistle blowing. The key principles of business ethics should be applied to the assessment of the act of whistle blowing.3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can one argue that there is a right to employment (in answering this question you must explain how one may have a) a right to work, b) a right to life, and c) a right to respect -not necessarily in that order)? How can one argue for a right to a just wage?One can argue that there is a right to employment that can be regarded a s a fundamental human right. The right to employment is not only one of the fundamental human rights, mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it is also a basic social right. All citizens who have a desire to work should be given the right to employment. Governments are responsible for providing the right to employment to all citizens of the country. The opportunities to be employed should be equal. In addition, the right to employment is closely connected with other important human rights mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including a right to work, a right to life, and a right to respect. These human rights are interrelated as these rights are regarded as the fundamental human rights. It is known that employment is one of the major requirements of the U.S. legislation. This fact means that all citizens should be employed. This requirement refers not only to the United States, but also to other countries. It is very important to mention that employment and labor legislation provides a set of comprehensive laws, rules and regulations that refer to various employment-related issues, e.g. hiring, selection and firing procedures, payments, benefits, etc. Generally speaking, employment is part of social and economic growth of the nation, as it deals with various problems caused by poverty. According to De George, â€Å"the right to work is equivalent to the right to employment for those able, willing and desiring to work and unable to engage in productive work if not employed† (425).The right to employment and the right to work have very much in common. The right to work guarantees economic stability of the nation. Governments are interested in providing the proper opportunities for individuals who are employed, including training, coaching, mentoring, as well as safety working conditions. The right to work guarantees massive opportunities to support families. Besides, the right to work is linked to other human right s, including the right to life and the right to respect. The right to life is given to any individual because it is the most fundamental and universal human right, which should be protected by law. Legislation guarantees adequate working conditions, which do not pose threats to human life. Although employment may cause various threats to human life, legislation provides specific employment laws to guarantee safety environment. In addition, individuals have the right to respect, which is linked to the right to employment. Employees require respect for their work. The right to respect is a human right because it is focused on promoting employment opportunities.Furthermore, one can argue for a right to a just wage, which is also linked to the right of employment. The right to a just wage is also closely connected the right to work because an individual receives a just wage for the work he/she has done well. A just wage stands for the wage that allows providing support to one’s f amily. In general, the justice of a wage should be taken into consideration by employers. The inequality in wages contributes to the growth of discrimination. Governments are responsible for promotion of a just wage. The right to a just wage is crucial to business development as it provides motivation and promotes job satisfaction.

Business Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Letter - Assignment Example Business correspondence letters serve as a way of maintaining a cordial real relationship between the business and their customers. With globalization and international trade, business people are able to do business with each other while miles away from each other. Business correspondences letters help maintain a proper professional relationship between the two parties. The customers can write to the business in order to make any enquiries on the products and sources, and the business can in turn respond and offer the necessary information that the customer requires. This further helps in maintaining the business relationship at an international level. Secondly, I believe that business correspondence is a proper way of ensuring evidence for future reference. It is rather irrational to expect a business person to memorize all facts and information that may be exchanged via face to face conversation. When problems arise in the future, the business correspondence may serves as evidence and proof for both parties. Third, in my experience, I believe that business letters are an inexpensive way of communication, especially in international trade where the two parties may be too far apart. Although there are other modes through that the business partners may communicate such as telephone and fax, business information can be provided and obtained through letters. In addition, information on the product and the market itself is crucial for ensuring company survival in a highly competitive market. It would be irrational to expect the company obtain the necessary information required physically, especially in the international trade scenario. The end result will most likely be wastage of time in something likely not to achieve anything productive for the organization (Lindsell-Roberts, 2006). Through the use of business letters, the business man is capable of making enquiries globally on the product.

Social Science Research Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Social Science Research - Coursework Example The drivers causing frustration (â€Å"frustrator†) wore a plaid sport jacket and white shirt while driving the high status car (hardtop), and an old khaki jacket while driving the low status car (old station wagon and old sedan). At the end of each trial, the subjects were observed whether they had honked once, twice, or not at all. Latency of each honk and estimated length were recorded and double checked against tape recordings. Manipulation checks were not used for the independent variable since there was no chance for the subjects and the researchers to interact. However, there was a questionnaire experiment conducted to verify the results between actual and predicted behavior. The results showed that the behavior reported in the questionnaire reflected what was observed in the field. The study employed probability sampling or representative samples. Subjects were selected to be representative of the population. Specifically, random sampling was utilized. This means that each driver in the population of interest has an equal likelihood of selection. There were 82 drivers observed. They are motorists taking some intersections in California. External validity is very well manipulated since the subjects are chosen and observed in real life settings. Among the 82 subjects, 26 were women and 56 were men. Their sex and estimated age were also noted. In addition, the year, make and model of each subject’s car were monitored. The experiment was conducted in six intersections in Palo Alto and Menio Park, California. A luxury car (1996 Chrysler Crown Imperial hardtop) was used as the high status car. Two low status cars ( a rusty 1954 Ford station wagon and an unobtrusive gray Rambler sedan) were alternately utilized. The driver of the experimental car was instructed to arrive at an intersection just as the traffic light was turning red. If at least one other car had come to a stop behind the experimental car when the

Airline Industry Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Airline Industry Bangladesh Essay ABSTRACT Air transport is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing transportation systems. Formation of regional and sub-regional co-operation will have a significant influence on air transportation system. Realizing the potential of air transportation in the country and region, after the recent air transport deregulation in Bangladesh, a number of private airline companies have started their operation which results in a better and competitive market. The paper focuses on the impacts of privatization on aviation industry of Bangladesh. This paper presents the results of a study on the comparison among various private and public airline companies and analyses their problems and provides some guidelines for their development. The results show that the supply cost of the private airlines is 40 percent lower than the same for public airlines. The results of this study can be used by the South and Southeast Asian countries to develop policies in this regard. INTRODUCTION Privatization of the airlines is more generally known as deregulation of the airlines industry. In the last two decades air transport world have witnessed dramatic changes in the deregulation in this sector. The movements towards the deregulation of the air transportation industries with the â€Å"1978 Deregulation Airline Act† have significantly altered the operating environment for the firms providing passenger and cargo transportation related services. With the airline deregulation, airlines were permitted to choose the routes and fares. These changes have had profound effects on many aspects of airline operations, particularly fares, level of service and routing. Through privatization of air transportation in Bangladesh the Government has opened up a new horizon. To achieve a competitive environment and maximize the benefit, private airlines can control their scale of operation, effectively pursue cost reduction measures, and generate additional demand through improved services and reasonable fares. By providing improved level of service and lower fare the private airlines may create new demand which will result in unit cost reduction and allow further fare reductions and service improvement. This virtuous circle should continue to strengthen the position of the operators and increase consumers’ benefit. Moreover, recent trends in the development of regional and sub-regional co-operation together with foreign investments in remote areas will have a significant influence on air transportation system. These cooperative frameworks will demand dynamic changes both in routing and scheduling of air transportation. Public airlines are incapable of dealing with these changes due to their bureaucratic structure and lack of motivation. To develop the policies for privatization and regulation of air transportation market it is necessary to analyze various aspects of the system. This paper focuses on the potentiality of the private air transport operators in Bangladesh. The paper has been prepared on the basis of a detailed study on demand and supply of air transportation in the country (Karim, 1998). The paper discusses the impact of deregulation on different cost items of airline operation. The aggregate cost of operating the airlines has been segregated into major cost items. Then comparison is made between public and private airline operators on the basis of these cost items. The paper also identifies several areas where adequate regulations are required for the overall betterment of t he system. The objective of the study is to investigate the potentiality of the changes brought about by privatization in air transportation in Bangladesh. The results will help the operators in the industry to develop their strategies. As the East, Southeast and South Asia are expected to experience a high economic development as well as a shift towards service and hi-tech industries, their demand for air transportation is also expected to increase accordingly. In this regard, the results of this study are important for these countries also. AIR TRANSPORTATION AND AIRLINES IN BANGLADESH The domestic air transportation network in Bangladesh is comprised of 8 conventional (full-size) airports, 8 airports for STOL (Short-Take-Off and Landing) aircraft including two airports under construction. The 8 conventional airports, which are used for commercial purpose, handle widely varying traffic volumes. The largest airport is Zia International airport near Dhaka and the smallest one is Cox’s Bazar airport. The most important corridors, as measured by air passenger volumes, are those between Dhaka, at one end, and Chittagong, Jessore, Sylhet at the other end. At present there are five airlines operating in Bangladesh. They comprise one public airline and four private airlines. The state owned national carrier, Biman Bangladesh Airline (BBA), is the oldest and has been the only operator in domestic arena until the recent past. It has generally been a losing concern contributed by many factors that could include inappropriat e size of aircraft to handle low volume of demand, insufficient level of operation and inefficient management. Although air transport carries only a small portion of total passenger and cargo movement in the country, its relative importance is much higher if aspects such as value of the product as well as time, speed and efficiency of the alternative modes are considered. Realizing its importance and considering the opportunities that exist, private airline companies (PAC’s) have now joined the fray of enticing domestic passengers and freights. This trend in domestic air transportation market is expected to reduce the monopoly of BBA and make air transport mode a better as well as competitive one for domestic transportation. Biman Bangladesh Airlines and four independent airline companie s are regulated by the government authority named Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh (CAAB). Fares are subjected to the approval of CAAB and certain minimum standards of service are imposed on the airline companies. Initially the fares of private airlines were 39 to 50 percent higher as compared to that of BBA. Recently BBA has increased its fare by 25 percent. Although it seems that the fares of the private airlines are higher than the same of BBA, the demand of private airlines has been increasing. This may be caused by better quality of service which include punctuality, regularity, improved customer services and lower waiting time. INTRODUCTION OF PRIVATE AIRLINE COMPANIES In October 1993 the CAAB advertised for applications from the interested parties to start airline operation. Although about 50 organizations submitted their proposals, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) permitted twenty-seven of them to operat e. Three of them have already started carrying passengers and one has ventured into cargo transportation. These airlines tended to become very popular and the passengers who used to travel by Biman for so long have started showing their interest in traveling by private airlines in domestic routes. A brief description of these airlines is given in the following section, which is also summarized in Table 1. Aero Bengal Airlines (ABA) Aero Bengal Airlines was the first private airlines in the country and started its flight operation on Dhaka-Barisal route with two Chinese built 17-seater Y -12 aircraft. Later a leased Russian built 48-seater N-24 aircraft was included in ABA fleet for the operation in Dhaka-Sylhet and Dhaka-Chittagong routes. Air Parabat The airline has started commercial flight operation with two brand new Czech-built 19-seater LET L410 aircraft on all the routes operated by Biman (except Ishurdi). It is now planning to add destinations like Thakurgaon, Lalmonirhat, Shamshernagar to its network in near future after procuring two more Czech-built LET L410 aircraft. Air Parabat has appointed Airspan as its General Sales Agent (GSA) which will be responsible for all the advertising and customer services for Air Parabat and in this way they are saving their overhead expenditure. At the moment, it is operating profitably and has no dues owed to the CAAB. The airline is expecting to recover their investment in 7 years. GMG Airlines Starting operation of commercial flights in early 1998, GMG airlines have emerged as the leading private airlines in Bangladesh. GMG started with Canadian manufactured Bombardier built 37-seater full- fledged aircraft. It operates a number of flights in Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Jessore, and Barisal every day and has plans to expand the network of destinations at home and aboard. The airline has signed an inter- line traffic agreement with British Airways (BA) enabling them to sell tickets to different destination of the world via BA. GMG Airlines have already made an investment of Tk. 1.00 billion (US$ 20 million). It has also planned to spread wings overseas and already sought permission from the government to operate in international destinations. This is a good planning because if GMG make progress and can operate South Asian countries, they would probably become the leading private airline in the region. Omni Airlines This airline only deals with cargo operation. Most of the cases the company provide the logistic support via using aircraft of other companies. It has also started air cargo operation for international destinations. During the devastating flood of 1998 when most of the national highways and railways were inundated and surface transportation became inoperable, many exporters especially garments manufacturers used the airline to transport their product to the port. Table 1 presents a comparison among the inventories of BBA and PACs. This comparison indicates that BBA operates at lower load factor with respect to PAC’s. This may be caused by the size of aircraft, which seems to be too large for low level of air travel demand existing in the country. Table 1 Inventory of the Airline Companies Operating in Bangladesh. Name of the airlines Biman Bangladesh Airlines Aero Bengal Ailines Air Parabat Limited GMG Airlines Year of Starting Service 1972 No of Aircraft 4 Type of Aircraft F-28 ATP AN-24 Y-12 LET-410 UVPE. DASH 8SRS 100 No. of seats 85 70 48 17 19 37 No of weekly flights 68 Avg. Pass. Load factor 55-60% (approx.) 75-80% (approx.) 80-85% (approx.) 80-85% (approx.) Avg. No. of Pass. (Weekly) 5134 July, 1995 January, 1998 April, 1998 3 2 2 18 56 35 1016 1294 1520 For the three PAC’s the sizes of the aircrafts seem to be more preferable for profitable operation. Figure 1 illustrates as comparison of usage among BBA and PAC’s in the domestic routes. In most important routes BBA is still dominant whereas in other routes passenger movement of BBA and PACs are almost same. In the Dhaka-Barishal (BZL) route the number of passengers carried by PCAs is higher than the same for BBA because the latter does not operate regularly in the route. 1500 No. of Passenger 1200 900 600 300 0 CHI ZYL JSR SPD RAJ CXB BZL BBA Air Parabat Aero Baegal GMG Airlines Figure 1: Passenger Movement Comparison between BBA and PACs AIRLINE OPERATION COST IN BANGLADESH In this section, the cost of operating airlines in Bangladesh is analyzed. The costs for public and private airliners are analyzed separately to facilitate comparison between them. Here the cost elements are calculated on the basis of average monthly costs because actual data supplied by various airlines are monthly data for different cost items. This cost is transformed into the cost per passenger for different routes. For the development of cost function nine principal cost elements are included in the analysis. The cost variables included on the analysis are shown in Table 2. The values of these variables are calculated on the basis of twenty-two secondary cost factors, which are also mentioned along with the principal cost variables in the table. For the analysis, data has been collected for several years for all the routes considered in the study. Table 2 Cost Elements Analyzed in the Study with their Notations Cost Elements Administrative Cost Maintenance Cost Marketing Cost Civil Aviation Charges Running cost Capital Cost Contingency Cost Procurement Cost Profit Important Cost Elements To describe the supply analysis conveniently all the costs are grouped under two heading namely ‘Total Operating and Maintenance Cost’ (TOMC) and Total Cost (TC). TOMC includes administrative, maintenance, Civil Aviation charges, running, capital and marketing costs and TC includes TOMC, contingency and procurement cost. Among the nine principal cost elements, running cost is the most important one (on an average 39 percent of TOMC. Other important cost elements are capital cost (33 percent) and maintenance cost (19 percent). Small variation in these figures will result in a significant change in operator’s revenue and profit. Among the nine cost elements administrative, Civil Aviation charges and marketing cost do not vary significantly although these costs includes both fixed and variable cost. Fixed cost is the main portion of these costs because these costs don’t vary greatly with the increase in the number of flights or distances traveled. Effects of Scale of Operation on the Cost Elements Using small-scale aircrafts, civil aviation charges and capital cost can be saved significantly. For larger aircrafts greater charges are imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority. Similarly, capital cost is a function of cost per hour of operation and load factor, which also depend on the size of the aircraft. For example, private airlines use comparatively smaller size of aircraft that results in savings of 20 percent of civil aviation charges. Also by using smaller aircrafts these airlines are able to attain higher load factor than BBA. Due to higher load factor the capital cost per passenger reduces significantly. For the same reason a small amount of maintenance and running cost can also be saved. Although BBA purchased larger sized aircrafts to operate in domestic routes to achieve scale economy, it seems that smaller aircrafts are more suitable due to low air travel demand in the country. Symbol C1 C2 C3 C4 Secondary cost components No. of flight (Fl), Capacity of aircraft (Q), Load factor (I) No. of flight (Fl), Capacity of aircraft (Q), Load factor (I) No. of flight (Fl), Capacity of aircraft (Q), Load factor (I) Night surcharge (Ns), Hanger charge (Hn ), Cost of parking charges (Pa), Landing (La), Security charges (Su) and Navigation charges (N a). Cost fuel per liter (Fu), fuel consumption of aircraft per hour(Fc), Trip distance of travel (TD) Fleet size (La), Flying time of aircraft (Ft ), Cruising speed of aircra ft (Sp ) Total cost Number of flights (Fl) Total cost (TC) C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 One of the major cost items of air transportation for both types of operator is unexpected accident or technical fault of aircraft during the operation period. Contingency and procurement cost are 15 percent and 12 percent of TC respectively. If operators can maintain their aircraft more efficiently they can enjoy significant savings in these areas also. Cost Comparison between Public and Private Airlines Comparison between the public and private airlines on the basis of various cost items is given in Table 3. The values in the table represent the ratio between cost per passenger for BBA and average of the same for PACs for all the cost elements discussed earlier. It shows that the costs incurred by BBA are higher for all the cost elements. The differences are very prominent for administrative cost, maintenance cost and civil aviation charges. The negative ratios for the case of profit imply that for BBA the total cost is higher than fare, which results in losses for the airline. Table 3 Ratio between the Costs of Public and Private Airlines on the basis of cost elements. Routes DAC-CHI DAC-ZYL DAC-JSR DAC-SPD DAC-RJH DAC-CXB DAC-BZL Adm Cost (C 1 ) 1.6 1.58 1.66 1.88 1.89 1.93 1.51 Maint Cost (C 2 ) 1.37 1.31 1.39 1.56 1.57 1.44 1.14 Aviat. Charge (C 3 ) 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.19 1.19 1.24 1.24 Run. Cost (C 4 ) 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.03 1.39 1.04 1.04 Capit. Cost (C 5 ) 1.04 1.07 0.98 1.14 1.28 1.11 1.03 Mark. Cost (C 6 ) 1.15 1.11 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.11 1.12 Cont. Cost (C 7 ) 1.17 1.22 1.19 1.06 1.26 1.08 1.41 Proc. Cost (C 8 ) 1.23 1.21 1.14 1.09 1.25 1.09 1.23 Profit (C 9 ) -3.46 +.01 -2.38 -1.46 -1.16 +0.26 -1.36 IMPACTS OF PRIVATIZATION ON AIR TRANSPORTATION IN BANGLADESH The introduction of PAC’s in the aviation sector of Bangladesh is expected to bring about some short and long-term effects in the air transportation sector of Bangladesh, at least in the domestic routes. These effects are discussed below. Making Profit Oriented Service Introduction of private airline in Bangladesh will compel the state-owned BBA to be a profit-oriented organization rather than being only service oriented because the plane journey is made by the rich who do not require any subsidy. The competition is also expected to improve level of service. Increase in Fare Pursuing a wrong policy, the fares charged by BBA in domestic have always been less than the actual cost which resulted in huge losses (over US$ 4 million in 1997). Private airline imposes a higher fare pressuring Biman to increase fare. It increased fare by 15% in July 1996 and could make up losses of about US$ 1 million annually. In 1998 BBA ag ain raised fare so that it can reach breakeven point and make profit on the domestic sector. Improvement of Customer Service Due to the introduction of private airlines, the customer facilities have improved a lot. Customers seem to be very satisfied with the overall services provided by the private airlines. Private airlines provide regular and punctual services with less waiting time and, very easy and informal ticket confirming process that improves the level of service of the operation. Better Competitive Market In case of GMG Airlines the promoters have sought for permission from the government to operate air service on the international routes. Government is considering to accord permission to private airlines so that they can operate service among SAARC countries. In that case the government of SAARC nations will have to change their rules allowing more than one carrier of each country to operate air service among SAARC nations. All these changes will make the domestic as well as r gional air travel market a very e competitive one and this open air policy will construct a good future for the coming private airlines in this market. REGULATIONS NEEDED FOR PRIVATE AIRLINES Although PAC’s have shown a great a potential to improve the airline market of Bangladesh into a better competitive mode, but there exist some issues which should be carefully considered to develop a better future for the industry. Some of these issues are discussed in the following section. Schedule Problem in low Demand Routes Due to insufficient demand in some domestic routes, sometimes private airlines have failed to maintain their schedules properly or stopped operation in those routes. This may hamper future expansion in these routes. Government may consider subsidizing these routes. Choice of Aircraft One of the dominant factors of airline business is the appropriate size of aircraft. But some airlines have failed to procure proper and suitable aircraft for their operation. They have purchased aircrafts those are too backdated for safe and profitable operation. Proper advice and guidance are required in this regard. Development of long-term Strategic Plan Except GMG Airlines others have no long-term strategy or any specific future plan to expand and develop their operation. These airlines even had not even made any feasibility study before they started their business. As airline industry requires huge capital investment, long term strategies are vital for survival in the business. Level of Service Standards In some cases the private airlines have failed to improve quality service especially in the case of passenger compensation. Government should make strict regul ation in this regard and ascertain consumers’ right. Poor Performance in Analyzing the Current Condition The PCAs do not have good record keeping mechanism and thus unable to make routine performance evaluation or at least analyze or check the current cost and revenue conditions. Due to lack of experience in the aviation market, these new airline companies sometimes ignore the basic management principles. Lack of adequate consideration in this area may lead to financial and management crisis. Safety Aspect For profit maximization purpose, private airlines may neglect the safety issue, which is the most important factor of airline business in terms of reliability. Civil Aviation authority must impose some strict guidelines and safety precautions for providing the service on the private companies. At present twenty-seven airlines have the permission to operate in the domestic routes of Bangladesh. For the success of privatization policy it is essential for the airlines currently in operation to present a better and efficient performance. As the air travel demand in the country is still v ery low, entry of too many operators may jeopardize the situation. Also proper training related to the technology and systems need to be arranged. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive review of the potentiality of privatization of domestic air transportation system of Bangladesh has been presented in this paper. The short-term trend suggests that the private airlines have a great opportunity in the domestic air travel market of the country. Their performances are quite satisfactory. There still exist a lot of room for improvement. This paper is concluded by addressing some implications in the light of the results of this study. (1)The trends in domestic air travel demand in Bangladesh suggest that in near future private airline companies will dominate the domestic market. (2) The operating costs of government operators are about 25-30 percent higher than those of the private operators under the same level of service. (3) From the cost elements it is evident that the administrative and maintenance costs of the public airline are significantly higher than the same for private airlines. This is indicative of the lack of management efficiency existing in the country. (4) Due to the introduction of private airlines the consumers’ benefit has increased significantly. (5) Although the private air line companies have so far performed quite satisfactorily, for betterment of aviation industry of the country and success of privatization policy of the government, some regulations need to be imposed. For this purpose a governing and advisory organization is required. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the private airline companies as well as to the authority of Biman Bangladesh Airline for their help during the course of this study. REFERENCES BBS (1996), Statistical Y Book of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. ear Karim, D.M. (1998), A Study on Demand and Supply of Domestic Air Transportation in Bangladesh, Research Project Report, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka.

The Atacama Desert Essay -- Chile Geography

The Atacama Desert Abstract Exclusive of the largest mountain ranges and oceans, earth’s most well-known physical features are its great desert regions. The word desert often conjures up ideas of open expanses of sand and towering dunes blown by perpetual wind and dust storms. Moreover, deserts are often categorized as being strictly sandy, hot, and extremely dry. Only part of this assumption is correct. Furthermore, the categorizing of deserts as such illustrates how little knowledge many people in fact have of desert regions of the earth. The notion that all deserts are hot and sandy is especially erroneous. The surrounding landforms, air temperature, and soil composition have no bearing on whether or not a climate region is classified as a dessert. The sole characteristic used in classifying climate regions as a desert is aridity; a lack of moisture (Cressy 390). Deserts can be defined as regions where less than 10 inches of liquid equivalent precipitation falls each year. A better definition is any climatic region where evaporation substantially exceeds precipitation for most of the year (Cressey 390). Thus, based on this definition it is clear that deserts are not regulated to hot low latitude regions of the earth. Deserts are found at all latitudes, and encompass all air temperature ranges found on earth. Deserts types range from hot hyper-arid deserts such as the Sahara to less known and rather unusual cool coastal deserts such as the Atacama. Although the Atacama does embody hyper-arid characteristics, the Atacama Desert is generally classified as a cool coastal desert. The remainder of this paper will focus specifically on the physical characteristics of the Atacama Desert. Topography Located in northern Chile... ...tley, Adrian J. â€Å"150 million years of climatic stability: evidence from the Atacama Desert, northern Chile.† Journal of the Geological Society 162.3 (2005):421-. Kampf, Stephanie K. "Evaporation and land surface energy budget at the Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile." Journal of Hydrology 310.1-4 (2005):236-. Lamb, Simon. â€Å"Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes.† Nature 425.6960 (2003):792-. Light, Mary. â€Å"Atacama Revisited: â€Å"Desert Trails† Seen from the Air.† Geographical Review 36.4 (1946):525-545. Mooney. â€Å"Atmospheric Water Uptake by an Atacama Desert Shrub.† Science 209.4457 (1980):693-694. Oppenheimer, Robert. "National Capital and National Development: Financing Chile." The Business History Review 56.1 (1982):54-75. Rudolph, William. â€Å"The Rio Loa of Northern Chile.† Geographical Review 17.4 (1927):553-585.

Human digestion Essay

The salivary glands are the first to react in the digestive process, which are usually triggered by either the sight or the smell of food. Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth where the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands help moisten and break down the food within minutes. The food then becomes something called a bolus, which will travel through the pharynx, then through the esophagus, and into the stomach. As the food travels through the pharynx the epiglottis is in place to prevent food from entering the lungs. Once the bolus enters the stomach it is broken down with acid secretions. The food is partially digested within the stomach. The bolus then becomes chyme (a semiliquid food). Chyme usually leaves the stomach during a time frame of 2-6 hours. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and nutrient absorption takes place with the help of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The small intestine consists of three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Anything that is not absorbed in the small intestine then enters the large intestine travelling through the sphincter. The sphincter prevents any of the remaining food from re-entering the small intestine. The large intestine is made up of two major parts: the colon and the rectum. The colon aids in the absorption of leftover water, vitamins, or minerals. Anything left over after this process is considered waste product (feces) and is then excreted from the body via the anus, which is attached to the colon. Reference Human Digestion Activity. Retrieved August 21, 2009 from http://corptrain.phoenix.edu/axia/sci241/sci241-digestivetract.html

Change Management Literature Review - 4782 Words

Coverpage, table of contents, appendences Introduction With our main research question we aim at exploring the importance of effective change management and the characteristics of a successful change management program in a hospital. The main research question can be formulated as: To what extend is change management necessary and how can it most efficiently be implemented in a hospital? By understanding the importance of effective change management we can facilitate our commitment to the development of a successful change management program. By gaining insight into the different factors that can contribute to successful change management, we can guide the design of an appropriate change management program. In the following pages, it†¦show more content†¦However, change can be a risky process that can have negative, instead of positive, consequences for the company’s future. In fact, it has been estimated that only about half of the large scale interventions succeed. With the above in mind Bruch, Gerber and Maier (2005) aimed at identifying the characteristics of a successful strategic change program by using the case of German aviation Group Deutsche Lufthansa. Lufthansa succeeded several times in successfully implementing change, as a response to the turbulent aviation market conditions between 1991 and 2004. Lufthansa’s last, and most succe ssful, strategic change program was the D-Check. Part of what made D-Check so successful was the fact that Lufthansa’s management made a distinction between leading decisions and managing decisions. Leading decision deals with conceiving a clear goal – in other words, what would be right. Managing decision deals with finding the way to achieve the goal – in other words, how do we do it right. Therefore, before implementing change a company should clearly and conclusively resolve the issue of what change would be right and how can be done right. 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