Sunday, December 29, 2019

Chemistry Review of pOH Calculations

Sometimes you are asked to calculate pOH rather than pH. Heres a review of the pOH definition and an example calculation. Acids, Bases, pH and pOH There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH and pOH refer to hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration, respectively. The p in pH and pOH stands for negative logarithm of and is used to make it easier to work with extremely large or small values.  pH and pOH are only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ⇆ H OH- When calculating pOH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Find pOH Using Calculations There are a few different formulas you can use to calculate pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration, or the pH (if you know pOH): pOH -log10[OH-][OH-] 10-pOHpOH pH 14 for any aqueous solution pOH Example Problems Find the [OH-] given the pH or pOH. You are given that the pH 4.5. pOH pH 14pOH 4.5 14pOH 14 - 4.5pOH 9.5 [OH-] 10-pOH[OH-] 10-9.5[OH-] 3.2 x 10-10 M Find the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution with a pOH of 5.90. pOH -log[OH-]5.90 -log[OH-]Because youre working with log, you can rewrite the equation to solve for the hydroxide ion concentration: [OH-] 10-5.90To solve this, use a scientific calculator and enter 5.90 and use the /- button to make it negative and then press the 10x key. On some calculators, you can simply take the inverse log of -5.90. [OH-] 1.25 x 10-6 M Find the pOH of a chemical solution if the hydroxide ion concentration is 4.22 x 10-5 M. pOH -log[OH-]pOH -log[4.22 x 10-5] To find this on a scientific calculator, enter 4.22 x 5 (make it negative using the /- key), press the 10x key, and press equal to get the number in scientific notation. Now press log. Remember your answer is the negative value (-) of this number.pOH - (-4.37)pOH 4.37 Understand Why pH pOH 14 Water, whether its on its own or part of an aqueous solution, undergoes self-ionization which can be represented by the equation: 2 H2O ⇆ H3O OH- Equilibrium forms between the unionized water and the hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. The expression for the equilibrium constant Kw is: Kw [H3O][OH-] Strictly speaking, this relationship is only valid for aqueous solutions at 25 °C because that is when the value of Kw is 1 x 10-14. If you take the log of both side of the equation: log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  log  [H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] (Remember, when numbers are multiplied, their logs are added.) log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  -  14-  14  Ã‚  log[H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] Multiplying both sides of the equation by -1: 14  Ã‚  -  log  [H3O]  -  log  [OH-] pH is defined as  -  log  [H3O] and pOH is defined as -log  [OH-], so the relation becomes: 14 pH - (-pOH)14 pH pOH

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Conflict In Israel, Israel And The Arab War - 925 Words

The turmoil in the Levant region is constantly viewed as an ancient conflict that has been going on for centuries, fueled by religious hatred. In reality the current conflict has less to do with religion than the conflicting claims of two groups to the same region. These claims were made in the early 20th century, anticipating the fall of the Ottoman Empire, with the backing of British promises of an independent state for both sides. These claims stoked nationalism on both sides. The regional arabs began to see themselves as Palestinian before arabs and the new jewish zionist movement called for a jewish state. From the end of the first world war to 1947 both groups claimed the land as their own. That was until the Holocaust. The†¦show more content†¦Many viewed this as the beginning of the end of the greater Israeli-Arab conflict. Gradually over the next few decades the surrounding arab nations came to peace with the existence of Israel. But this also marked the beginning of the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict because Israel still occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The occupation led to the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. They hoped to liberate all of Palestine through violence and destroy the state of Israel. The fighting between Israel and the PLO went on for years. The PLO later conceded and were willing to share the territory with Israel but there was a major issue. After the annexation of Gaza and the West Bank, Israeli citizens began to settle in the former Palestinian territories. These communities attracted Israelis for various reasons. Many created settlements to claim the land for religious or political reasons, while others capitalized on the inexpensive real estate in the region. The rise of settlements in the occupied regions brought about international criticism due to their legality. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits the occupation of territories in a war. Despite this the Israeli government maintains that their settlement are legal because the territories obtained in the Six Days War do not apply to the Fourth Geneva Convention. The governments complacency withShow MoreRelatedThe Arab Israeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The confl ict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. 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After the Romans gained control of Judea, this caused the diaspora of Jews to all the parts of the world. Eventually, the majority of Jews did return back to the region, after the official establishment of the state of Israel, and this led to the Arab-Israel War of Liberation, in which surrounding Arab states, such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordan attacked Israel in order to regain this land, which originally belonged to Palestine. The Arabs were defeated, and thisRead MoreInfluence of the Superpowers in the Middle East Conflict between 1949 and 1978 699 Words   |  3 Pageswhat extent was the Middle East conflict between 1948 and 1978 fuelled by the interests and concerns of the superpowers in the region? During 1948 and 1978 there was massive conflict in the Middle East between Arab Muslim countries and Jewish Israel. The conflict itself was fuelled by nationalism and religious differences and other disputes such as the Palestinians refugee problem. 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Friday, December 13, 2019

Internet Free Essays

It may take a village to raise a child, but it takes a society to raise a generation. The millennial generation also known as ‘Generation Y’ is a generation with their birth years ranging from 1982 – 2002, in which their attitudes and values concerning how work relates to the rest part of life. People in this generation, though more religiously unaffiliated than previous generations often are just as likely to hold traditional views about spirituality as theirs elders. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The millennial generation is incredibly technologically oriented as well, which may explain certain social traits they possess. Millennials have grown up immersed in ever-evolving technology. They are typically very technologically oriented, especially when it comes to social networking phenomena such as Facebook and Twitter. This may also explain why millennials are constantly connected to their peers on social networking sites. It is a multitasking way of life for most millennials, who are often immersed in several forms of communications (such as email, instant messaging, texting) all at once. All these are possible through the use of the internet. The internet is a global system of inter-connected computer networks that use the Standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as inter-linked hypertext documents of World Wide Web (www) and infrastructure to support email. The origins of internet reach back to the researches of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. The commercialization of what was by in the 1990s, an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2. 4 billion people- over a third of the world’s human population have used the services of the internet. The internet as so far being a blessing in disguise to the millennial generation. Although, the internet can be accessed in so many ways but the most pervasive is through the computer. Millennials use the computer both for work and personal use. From researches made, eighty-three percent of millenials use a computer for work and spends about seventeen hours on it each week. One out of five millennials use their computers for work for forty or more hours per week. Millennials who spend time on computers for personal use range from five hours per week to thirty hours per week. The average is seventeen hours per week. If these numbers are put together, it is something shocking. The average millennial spends seventeen hours per week on a computer for personal use. That totals thirty-four hours per week on a computer. That means that roughly one-third of millennials’ working lives are spent on computers. The internet provides access to a lot of information. Some of them are very useful in jobs and studies. Information can also be collated easily. Thus, the benefits of the internet are not far-fetched, likewise its disadvantages because it plays a part in our day-to-day activities. Shopping is one very important thing but of course, everything seen cannot be bought and also not all shopping websites can be trusted. It is required to select what is to be bought, fill in some forms and click. With just a simple click, payments for goods and services can be done via credit cards which will transfer money from the buyer’s bank account. Nowadays, almost every bigger banks offer money-transfer than going to the bank. Transferring money by traditional means may take a lot of days. Using the internet can do this in a few seconds. But most people fear the hackers. A hacker is someone who breaks into computing systems to damage it. He enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems of how to stretch their capabilities. This makes some people think that their money can easily be stolen by hackers. But it is not true because the internet has a very good protection which makes transactional codes practically unbreakable. Internet mailing is another very important aspect. Mails when sent get to their destinations under few seconds. For instance, when a millennial wants to inform his relatives that live far away about an issue, he copuld just send them emails of course which is not only texts but movies and photographs inclusive. The Internet has now become the best business tool in the modern scenario. Today, it has brought the world in one single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at your fingertips. The Internet has tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services such as faster communication. The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. How to cite Internet, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Non-Human Primate-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Do Non-Human Primates have Culture? Answer: Introduction Culture is the extra somatic character of human being, is a complex whole. It incorporates knowledge, art, belief, morals, customs, laws and any other characteristics inhabited by man as a part of the society. Social behavior on the other hand is the behavior directed towards the society or taking place between members of the same species. Both culture and social behavior are the exclusive characteristics inherited by man as they are the only one to live in a social grouping. To be precise, the primates are the only animals that forms social group. Man being a part of the order primate reflects the highest specialization in case of social grouping and social behavior that lead to the formation of culture. This social behavior and possibly culture is present in some other higher group of primate. This question is under constant debate over decades if the non-human primates have culture. This study will focus on the social behavior of the non-human primates and seek evidence of culture among them. It will further relate to the pre-human forms to assume their behavior. Behavior of Non-human Primates The social behavior of the non-human primates explores a wide range due to their arboreal and terrestrial nature. Almost all the non-human primates enjoy strong social bonding and lives in organized social groups. Some of the social behavior of different non-human primate is expressed in the following section. Communication Pika and Liebal (2012) identified a wide range of communication mechanism exists among the non-human primates. However, none of them have articulated any kind of verbal language. They use their bodily parts for their communication within the group. They can be like making sound, facial expression and gesture, olfactory signals, grooming and touching. The facial expression is believed to convey their psychological state. Moreover, they use their gesture to communicate with other animals for defending their home ground. It is a mechanism used by the primates for displaying threat for intimidating other animals. It includes grunting, yawning, ground slapping, branch shaking and many more to threaten the predators and keep them away from their territory and group members. Smelling mechanism on the other hand is prevalent among the prosimian monkeys. They use to mark their territory. Grooming is another mode of communication among the non-human primates. It is evident in every group of pr imate. It is believed to increase the social bonding of the group members and reflects their affection towards each others. Hence, for the non-human primates, grooming is more than just a mechanism to keep them hygiene. They are likely to sit in a circle formation and groom the member sitting in front of them. Selection of mate and grouping Emery Thompson (2013) on the other hand focused his study on the mate selection mechanism prevails in different types of non-human primate and the type of grouping. The orangutans, lemurs and galagos are the only groups that follow single mother and offspring grouping. The males usually lead their lives alone for the most of the time. They only connect to their groups during the mating season. Gibbons on the other hand lives a follows the monogamous grouping where the male and the female lives with their offspring. Polygynous mating is prevalent among gorillas. It is the concept of single male multiple female. The most prevalent mating that is found among most the non-human primates is the multi-female, multi-male where the no stable heterosexual bond is evidenced. The group members cumulatively share their sexual partners with all the group members. Dubuc et al. (2014) on the other hand, highlight. Ranking The evidence of dominance hierarchy is also evidence among the non-human primates. A study conducted by Lefevre et al. (2014) identifies that non-human primates also follows dominancy hierarchy. Every group has a dominant individual who is likely to lead the whole group. The leaders are basically selected according to their physical appearance and strength. The individual with largest body structure and physical strength are more likely to become the leader of the groupo. Each group has a male leader and a female leader. The male leader is termed as alpha male and the female leader is referred as alpha female. The rest of the group is bound to follow the leadership of alpha male and alpha female. Tool making Some of the higher level non-human primate reflects the deliberate use of tool in their daily life activities. The chimpanzee, orangutan, capuchin and gorilla use simple tools for getting their food and water. The tools they use ranges a wide variety such as twigs, wads of chewed leaves and stones. They use stones to break nuts, twigs to extract termites from their nests and wads as sponges to absorb drinking water. They also use sticks to fetch honey from the combs and to take seeds from ripe Nessia tree fruit. Hence, it is confirmed that the non-human primates has the knowledge of using the tools according to their needs. However, it is still under debate if they know how to make them. Many scholars believe that the non-human primates use these tools for making their jobs easy, but they dont know how to make one. They just collect the materials and use the things they find useful for their work. Hence, the tool making knowledge is absent among the primates. However, this intelligen ce reflected by the higher level non-human primates led many to believe that the primates are capable or will become capable of making tools themselves. They related their thoughts with the Australopithecus, as they were believed to be tool users instead of makers (Matsuzawa, 2008). All these studies conducted by different scholars highlighted the presence of high level of social behavior among the non-human primates. Though they could not develop language for communication, they have achieved a proficient communication mechanism. However, it does not justify the presence of culture among the non-human primates as it is a more complex idea. Non-human primates are no doubt social beings living is social groups, but they lack what it needs to be called culture. Behavioural Ecology of Non-Human Primates and Earliest Ancestors Study of non-human primates has yielded interesting facts about the human evolution and about the earlier ancestors. The non-human primates specifically the great apes- orang-utan, chimpanzee, gorilla and bonobos, are closely related to humans according to genetic data. The non-human primates co-existed with the earliest human ancestors and they simultaneously separated in two divergent ways. These non-human primates moved around via brachiating and knuckle walking, and still do, but human ancestors on the other hand had evolved, based on their anatomy and had shifted to quadrupedal and later bipedal mode of locomotion. The ecology of these non-human primates favored their mode of locomotion but as the humans started to migrate outside, they picked up the bipedal mode, and these change of behavior and environment brought out an evolutionary change. Their gait became erect following some physiological changes, like appearance of chin, more centrally placed foramen of magnum, formation of linea-aspera, among many. Because of the erect posture now, the hands of these earliest men were free, for the first time and they used it to grasp and hold things. After sometime, they started to use stones, bones, and wood as tools and weapons. They formed a toolki t and eventually it gave rise to a culture. Humans have since then evolved a lot and have built civilizations and societies, but the non human primates are still living in, more or less, the same environment they inhabited in the ancient times. Comparative study of these non-human primates shed light on the question of primate culture, particularly with respect to their behavioral ecology. Chimpanzees have been seen to build sleeping nests made of twigs and leaves. In addition, these behaviors are observed to have been imitated by young primates from their adult counterparts. At times, these apes are found using stones to crack open nuts, sticks for ant-fishing, leaves to sit on and sometimes even using the leaves to clean themselves after excreting or sexual intercourse. These non -human primates dietary pattern was based on their food sources, which depended on their habitat and environment, and they were mainly frugivorous, flavored, insectivore, and omnivore. Initially the human ancestors also shared this dietary pattern. Eventually the dietary patter evolved into a more complex foraging-hunting mode. Conclusion These fascinating examples provide some insights and suggest how the earliest human ancestors began to develop culture as a key form of adaptation to various environments. By examining the modern day non-human primate, we might be able to reconstruct the ways of the earliest ancestors in a more detailed way. However, the constant evolution of man helped them achieve culture where the other primate lacks. Hence, the non-human primates are in a stage of evolution that distinguish human and early hominids from other primates. The non-human primates may or may not further evolve to some stage where they might attain culture, but currently they are have not yet attain culture, despite of demonstration of social behavior. References Emery Thompson, M. (2013). Comparative reproductive energetics of human and nonhuman primates.Annual Review of Anthropology,42, 287-304. Lefevre, C. E., Wilson, V. A., Morton, F. B., Brosnan, S. F., Paukner, A., Bates, T. C. (2014). Facial width-to-height ratio relates to alpha status and assertive personality in capuchin monkeys.PloS one,9(4), e93369. Matsuzawa, T. (2008). Primate foundations of human intelligence: a view of tool use in nonhuman primates and fossil hominids. InPrimate origins of human cognition and behavior(pp. 3-25). Springer Japan. Miller, B. (2011). Cultural Anthropology, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Pika, S., Liebal, K. (Eds.). (2012).Developments in primate gesture research(Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Why Did He Kill Himself My Antonia Essays - Psychology,

Why Did He Kill Himself? My Antonia Why Did He Kill Himself? Most people find it very hard to pull up roots in their native land and move to a strange country. Throughout history, countless millions of people have done so. People forsake their homeland and move to another country for various reasons. Some people emigrate to avoid starvation. Some seek adventure. Others wish to escape unbearable family situations. Still others desire to be reunited with loved ones. However, the main reason for immigration has long been economic opportunity--the lure of better land or a better job. Yet, some people can't conform to the American way of life. Like replanting a flower's roots, completely moving a person so attached to their homeland and customs, can prove to be fatal. In the book, My ?ntonia, the Shimerdas seemed to be very religious. For example, on Christmas evening, When the candle ends sent up their conical yellow flames, all the colored figures from Austria stood out clear and full of meaning against the green boughs. Mr. Shimerda rose, crossed himself, and quietly knelt down before the tree History shows that the Bohemian people were constantly revolting for their freedom. This was probably one of the reasons for the religious Shimerdas move to America, to get away from those many hard times. All the time she say: 'America big country; much money, much land for my boys, much husband for my girls?my mama, she want Ambrosch for be rich, with many cattle. This must have been the main factor for the move from their kawn-tree. Unfortunately, not all the Shimerdas were excited by the move. My papa sad for the old country. He not look good. He never make music anymore?He don't like this kawn-tree?My papa, he cry for leave his old friends what make music with him. These quotations were the warning signs of what happened next. Why, mam, it was simple enough; he pulled the trigger with his big toe. He layed over on his side and put the end of the barrel in his mouth, then he drew up one foot and felt for the trigger. He found it all right! Mr. Shimerda was so depressed about losing everything and anything that was familiar to him that he felt there was no use in living. Jim thought, I knew it was homesickness that had killed Mr. Shimerda, and I wondered whether his released spirit would not eventually find its way back to his own country. A person considering suicide exhibits certain warning signs. People may express a feeling of hopelessness, a loss of interest in living, or a wish to die. I suspect Mr. Shimerda felt all those things. He felt hopelessness, in that he would never feel at home in this strange country. Because of that, he lost the interest and the purpose for living. These reasons ultimately gave him the wish to die. As Jim thought, homesickness finally killed that poor depressed man. Perhaps, if Jim was right, Mr. Shimerda's soul lingers over his homeland. Perhaps a comprehensive move doesn't suit every immigrant. Why Did He Kill Himself? Most people find it very hard to pull up roots in their native land and move to a strange country. Throughout history, countless millions of people have done so. People forsake their homeland and move to another country for various reasons. Some people emigrate to avoid starvation. Some seek adventure. Others wish to escape unbearable family situations. Still others desire to be reunited with loved ones. However, the main reason for immigration has long been economic opportunity--the lure of better land or a better job. Yet, some people can't conform to the American way of life. Like replanting a flower's roots, completely moving a person so attached to their homeland and customs, can prove to be fatal. In the book, My ?ntonia, the Shimerdas seemed to be very religious. For example, on Christmas evening, When the candle ends sent up their conical yellow flames, all the colored figures from Austria stood out clear and full of meaning against the green boughs. Mr. Shimerda rose, crossed himself, and quietly knelt down before the tree History shows that the Bohemian people were constantly revolting for their freedom. This was probably one

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Second Battle of the Marne in World War I

Second Battle of the Marne in World War I The Second Battle of the Marne lasted from July 15 to August 6, 1918, and was fought during World War I (1914-1918). Conceived as an attempt to draw Allied troops south from Flanders to facilitate an attack in that region, the offensive along the Marne proved to be the last the German Army would mount in the conflict. In the opening days of the fighting, German forces made only minor gains before being halted by a constellation of Allied troops. Due to intelligence gathering, the Allies were largely aware of German intentions and had prepared a sizable counter-offensive. This moved forward on July 18 and quickly shattered German resistance. After two days of fighting, the Germans commenced a retreat back to trenches between the Aisne and Vesle Rivers. The Allied attack was the first in a series of sustained offensives that would bring the war to an end that November.      Spring Offensives In early 1918, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff commenced a series of attacks known as the Spring Offensives with the goal of defeating the Allies before American troops arrived on the Western Front in large numbers. Though the Germans scored some early successes, these offensives were contained and halted. Seeking to continue pushing, Ludendorff planned for additional operations that summer.    Believing that the decisive blow should come in Flanders, Ludendorff planned a diversionary offensive at the Marne. With this attack, the hoped to pull Allied troops south from his intended target. This plan called for an offensive south through the salient caused by the Aisne Offensive of late May and early June as well as a second assault to the east of Reims. German Plans In the west, Ludendorff assembled seventeen divisions of General Max von Boehms Seventh Army and additional troops from Ninth Army to strike at the French Sixth Army led by General Jean Degoutte. While Boehms troops drove south to the Marne River to capture Epernay, twenty-three divisions from Generals Bruno von Mudra and Karl von Einems First and Third Armies were poised to attack General Henri Gourauds French Fourth Army in Champagne. In advancing on both sides of Reims, Ludendorff hoped to split the French forces in the area. Allied Dispositions Supporting the troops in the lines, French forces in the area were buttressed by approximately 85,000 Americans as well as the British XXII Corps. As July passed, intelligence gleaned from prisoners, deserters, and aerial reconnaissance provided the Allied leadership with a solid understanding of German intentions. This included learning the date and hour that Ludendorffs offensive was set to commence. To counter the enemy, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Supreme Commander of the Allied forces, had French artillery strike the opposing lines as German forces were forming for the assault. He also made plans for a large-scale counter-offensive which was set to launch on July 18. Armies Commanders: Allies Marshal Ferdinand Foch44 French divisions, 8 American divisions, 4 British divisions, and 2 Italian divisions Germany Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff52 divisions The Germans Strike Attacking on July 15, Ludendorffs assault in Champagne quickly bogged down. Utilizing an elastic defense-in-depth, Gouraud’s troops were able to quickly contain and defeat the German thrust. Taking heavy losses, the Germans halted the offensive around 11:00 AM and it was not resumed. For his actions, Gouraud earned the nickname the Lion of Champagne. While Mudra and Einem were being halted, their comrades to the west fared better. Breaking through Degouttes lines, the Germans were able to cross the Marne at Dormans and Boehm soon held a bridgehead nine miles wide by four miles deep. In the fighting, only the 3rd US Division held earning it the nickname Rock of the Marne (Map).   Holding the Line The French Ninth Army, which had been held in reserve, was rushed forward to assist the Sixth Army and seal the breach. Aided by American, British, and Italian troops, the French were able to halt the Germans on July 17. Despite having gained some ground, the German position was tenuous as moving supplies and reinforcements across the Marne proved difficult due to Allied artillery and air attacks. Seeing an opportunity, Foch ordered plans for the counteroffensive to commence the next day. Committing twenty-four French divisions, as well as American, British, and Italian formations to the attack, he sought to eliminate the salient in the line caused by the earlier Aisne Offensive. Allied Counterattack Slamming into the Germans with Degouttes Sixth Army and General Charles Mangins Tenth Army (including the 1st and 2nd US Divisions) in the lead, the Allies began to drive the Germans back. While the Fifth and Ninth Armies conducted secondary attacks on the eastern side of the salient, the Sixth and Tenth advanced five miles on the first day. Though German resistance increased the next day, Tenth and Sixth Armies continued to advance. Under heavy pressure, Ludendorff ordered a retreat on July 20 (Map). Falling back, German troops abandoned the Marne bridgehead and began mounting rearguard actions to cover their withdrawal to a line between the Aisne and Vesle Rivers. Pushing forward, the Allies liberated Soissons, at the northwest corner of the salient on August 2, which threatened to trap those German troops remaining in the salient. The next day, German troops moved back into the lines they occupied at the beginning of the Spring Offensives. Attacking these positions on August 6, Allied troops were repulsed by a stubborn German defense. The salient retaken, the Allies dug in to consolidate their gains and prepare for further offensive action. Aftermath The fighting along the Marne cost the Germans around 139,000 dead and wounded as well as 29,367 captured. Allied dead and wounded numbered: 95,165 French, 16,552 British, and 12,000 Americans. The final German offensive of the war, its defeat led many senior German commanders, such as Crown Prince Wilhelm, to believe that the war had been lost. Due to the severity of the defeat, Ludendorff cancelled his planned offensive in Flanders. The counterattack at the Marne was first in a series of Allied offensives that would ultimately end the war. Two days after the battles end, British troops attacked at Amiens.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Role of Political Parties in the American Democratic Article

The Role of Political Parties in the American Democratic - Article Example The two main political parties in the U.S (Republican and Democrat) support their candidates to contest the elections with only one objective; winning the election. The choice of the candidate that the party supports is determined by the issues and agendas presented by the candidate. Given the competitiveness of the electoral process, the party goes for those candidates whose manifestos are consistent with the party’s (Maisel 45). Therefore, candidates supporting real issues such as economic stabilization, job creation, affordable healthcare, infrastructural development, increases education access, and insecurity/terrorism are supported by the party. The party design strategies for supporting its preferred candidates during the campaign. During the campaign, the party organizes for a campaign team charged with the responsibility of mobilizing voters and financial support to the party’s preferred candidate (Maisel 67). It is this campaign committee that works on the camp aign strategies and identifying the strong holds of their competitors. Voter mobilization is prioritized in the campaign strategies. The party uses all possible avenues of reaching out to potential voters (Maisel 77-8). Social networks and social sites such as face-book, twitter, and other online platforms are used in mobilizing voters. Realization of social network campaign calls for adequate financial resource allocation and mobilization. The resources for the campaign are internally and externally sources.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Environmental Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Environmental Sustainability - Essay Example It has also been alarmed by the fall of Soviet Union. China naturally wants to get benefits of globalisation and has been showing a reformed smiling face to the global economic world. For a communist regime, this is no mean task and even though the internal control has never been slackened in any way. The economic conditions are definitely exhilarating, but western economists say that there are obvious pitfalls in the economic path chosen by Chinese government unless it makes amends for economic and environmental sustainability. China is the most populous country in the world having population density of more than 130 people per sq. km. The family plan came into being when the Chinese government realised that the population problem is getting out of hand. "Chinese government realized that the over-rapid population growth was harmful to economic and social development, and would cause great difficulties in the fields of employment, housing, communications and medical care; and that if China could not effectively check the over-rapid population growth, and alleviate the tremendous pressure that the population growth was exerting on land, forests and water resources, the worsening of the ecology and the environment in the coming decades would be disastrous, thus endangering the necessary conditions for the survival of humanity, and sustainable social and economic development" China's economic development is not simply based on the g... ttribute much of China's rapid economic growth to two main factors: large-scale capital investment (financed by large domestic savings and foreign investment) and rapid productivity growth. These two factors appear to have gone together hand in hand. Economic reforms led to higher efficiency in the economy, which boosted output and increased resources for additional investment in the economy" according to CRI issue brief for Congress", http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB98014.pdf It is considered to be Chinese miracle that the economic growth of China has altered the world economic scene. But according to economic analysers, Chinese economic growth has reached a critical stage, where more caution is necessary in policy making. "At the same time, China's economic transition also reached a critical stage. Significant internal developments were and still are forcing the government to consider more aggressive reforms" http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1094/is_n3_v33/ai_20946408 But, there are many internal and external factors hindering Chinese economic growth. It is not easy to change the economic internal scenario overnight from an autocratically managed, centralised economy into a liberalised with slackened control one overnight. There are many steps to be taken mainly to alter the internal shape of the economy, industry, finance and business and naturally, the path to do that is rather rough. It is true that China is facing difficulties with state owned enterprises, which are running under loss and are about to shut down. The government has decided to support the larger enterprises, and the smaller enterprises will become part of history. China's economic development has caused other Asian and Western countries to sit up and take notice. China, till now, has

Monday, November 18, 2019

Legal Aspects of Nursing. Homework 5 Case Study

Legal Aspects of Nursing. Homework 5 - Case Study Example These difficulties could have easily resulted in errors in the manual documentation. This hints at problems in the process, rather than a willful act of fraud on the part of the nurses and the nurse under trial in particular. (Case Facts, n.d.) 2. The testimonies of the other nurses are very relevant. They point to difficulties in following the process steps and in being accurate in their accomplishment of the manual documentation for the medications. First the nurses testified that the process prompted them to instances when they were prone to making errors in the manual documentation, because of problems with recall with regard to dosages and to the medicines administered. This is because the documentation was done towards the end of the shift, or during breaks, and not at the point of the administration. Second, this problem was compounded by the fact that in practice, nurses signed narcotics electronically in anticipation of need, and then threw them away when they were not used, especially with regard to the IV bags. This means that there were additional opportunities to make mistakes in the manual documentation later on (Case Facts, n.d.). 3. ... I would have ruled in favor of the nurse ,due to lack of evidence of fraud, and due to the testimony of other nurses that there is a flaw in the process that can understandably result in nurses making mistakes with the manual documentation (Case Facts, n.d.) ANSWERS TO HOMEWORK 5 FORM QUESTIONS (The responses are numbered in order of the appearance of the questions in the assignment form) 1. Patient safety principles relating to the accuracy of medications administered and in the accuracy and integrity of patient records are at play in this case. That there are mistakes in documentation that are used to keep track of patient progress, and that are used to plan future interventions, means that the well-being of the patients are put at risk. The testimonies by the nurses point to fundamental flaws in the hospital processes that need to be admitted to, as a first step to making changes to correct the discrepancies (Suydam et al., n.d., pp. 361-363; Sharpe, 2003; American Medical Associa tion, 2009; Ohno-Machado et al., 2004) 2. Strictly speaking, the nurses are not negligent in delaying the documentation for the medications that they took. For one, there are the electronic signings that cover them, and signify their earnestness to follow the rules. For another, they have to prioritize the manual documentation alongside other tasks, such as attending to the patients and helping the doctors in acute care. These are very pressing tasks. If a patient is unable to breathe on his own or has a very dire condition that needs full attention from the nurse, the documentation can fall by the wayside understandably. The issue is not negligence, but that the work flow forces the nurses to prioritize

Friday, November 15, 2019

Marxs critique of classical political economy

Marxs critique of classical political economy Classical political economy was a concept that dominated social thought within the nineteenth century; the development of such a period constituted a decisive stage within the attempt to understand the economic framework that essentially became relied upon for defining the basis of society. However Marx considered that the basis of the political economy ignored the prevalent relationship between elements of human alienation and exploitation that he argued derived from the inequalities caused by the condition of the capitalist political economy. When considering this further, Marx therefore relied upon an essential critique of the political economy in light of not only the previously mentioned relationship but similarly numerous other influential dynamics within the economy, as a consequence Marx continued to establish his critique of the economic system throughout his works in an attempt to ascertain true communism as a positive expression for the basis of society. The main concern when considering classical political economy is the regard of society as being a composition of various classes that functioned on the basis of economic purpose. Marx however recognised that in reality the theories surrounding classical political economy were unable to understand the significance of the economic purpose of the working class and the experienced struggle that consequently rooted itself within society. Marx therefore argued that the failure of classical political economy to separate human nature from the superficial construct of the economic class system possessed a dominant influence upon the ignorance of the proletarian class and the consequent focus upon the bourgeois class prevalent within society. Marx witnessed the inhumanity and irrationality surrounding human life and criticised it profusely in that the accepted capitalist economic system prevalent at the time considered it to be a natural occurrence with the progression of the economic system. As a consequence, Marx posited a class struggle between the proletarian and bourgeois economic classes, a struggle inherent and therefore inevitable within the capitalist, industrial society. With the increasing development of capitalism, class struggles became generalised across the economic system, Marxs critique consequently deemed class struggle as originating in the process of production and he therefore continued to argue that the conflict prevalent derives from the class antagonism of labour power. As a consequence of the class struggle the proletarian economic class were inevitably forced to sell their labour to achieve capital to survive and as a consequence Marx criticised that the capitalists had every intention of exploiting the labourers for maximum effectiveness within the production process, Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks. (Marx: 1990: 257). To theorise how the aforementioned exploitation became the routine within classical political economy Marx criticised how capitalism employed a standard, recognised framework by which the bourgeois minority monopolised the labouring majority in order to gain the most efficient means of production. When considering the previous criticisms of exploitation the influence upon human nature must also be recognised; it can be philosophised that Marx recognised that humans are fundamentally natural producers as he defined labour as mans self-confirm ing essence (Marx: 1833) and Marx therefore implemented a critique towards the evident distortion capitalism roots within human nature. It could be argued that the evident exploitation alienates the labourer from not only the act of production but similarly distances them from the products of their labour and as a consequence it has been argued that the alienation present becomes a process in which humanity progressively transforms into a stranger in a world created by labour (Swingewood: 2000). Furthermore, Marx continued to route his critique of the classical political economy within the establishment and understanding of the capitalist division of labour and its consequent exploitation and oppression of the proletarian economic class. Marx recognised that the division of labour within the economy succeeded in the efficient formation of profit and value and essentially agreed with Smith in that labour was the only real resource that constituted a productive economy yet his fundamental criticism was based upon the consequent exploitation of the labourer and their constant struggle within the economic system. Marx recognised within Smiths understanding of the political economy that he initially instigated an analysis of the capitalist mode of production. However, Marx continued to characterise that Smith in fact pays no concern to the operation of the inner foundations of the economic system and instead criticises Smith for merely recognising the immediate external and super ficial extraction of the benefits resulting from the successful implementation of the capitalist mode of production. When considering Smiths perspective further it becomes immediately evident that he accepted the proletarian struggle deriving from the economic division of labour as inconsequential and therefore argued that the exploitation was in fact the most successful method of capitalist production, consequently it could be argued that Smith degraded labourers to an abstract commodity within the production process as opposed to a living being. Furthermore, Marx criticised that Smith accepted that the desirability of the high productivity rate within his theory of the division of labour outweighed the evident exploitative costs, Political economy regards the proletarian like a horse, he must receive enough to enable him to work. It does not consider him, during the time when he is not working, as a human being (Marx: 1969), the consequent exploitation of the value of the labourer s contribution represented a qualitative increase in productivity within the production process and therefore an increase in profit for the bourgeois economic class regardless of the abhorrent conditions under which labourers are forced to work. It is therefore apparent as to Marxs justification behind his critique; Marx argued that Smiths dominantly capitalist perspective failed to initially recognise and therefore appreciate the standard of conditions that the proletarian labourers are forced to accept as adequate. Within the prevalence of the capitalist mode of production it can be considered that another fundamental element concerning the political economy is the recognition of the influence that the division of labour possesses upon the economic system. As a consequence of this, Ricardo proposed the Labour Theory of Value in an attempt to further understand the influence of labour value upon capitalist production techniques. The aforementioned theory proposes that the recognised value of goods is directly proportional to the extent of labour required throughout production. However, it is argued that Marx criticised that Ricardos thesis was essentially incomplete when considering the capitalist political economy as it disregards the exploitive nature of the income distribution between the bourgeois and the proletariat economic classes. Marx continued to criticise the capitalist mode of production as he connotes that the exchange value of goods was in fact deserved by the worker as opposed to the autocratic rule of the capitalist, however, as a consequence Marx proposed the concept of surplus value as a critique of the capitalist political economy. For Marx, the dominant increase in productivity resulted from the competitive and exploitive nature of the capitalists strife to obtain the maximum surplus value, or profit, possible from goods; it could therefore be argued that the surplus value obtained derives from the essentially unpaid labour appropriated by the capitalists within political economy. When considering the presentation of the aforementioned critique philosophised by Marx, his attempt to provide a solution for the criticisms of the political economy must also be examined. It could be argued that throughout his entire critique his desire to ascertain a sense of true communism within society evidently underpinned his justification behind his arguments. Marx essentially fought for the recognition of labour as an important factor within the capitalist production process; he proposed that through the implementation of true communism society could achieve and withhold a beneficial economic system Communism deprives no man of the ability to appropriate the fruits of his labour. The only thing it deprives him of is the ability to enslave others by means of such appropriations. (Marx: 2002) Marx continued to portray how communism would in turn regard the importance of the whole of society as opposed to the bourgeois minority. He consequently urged for the removal of the ineq ualities he continually criticised throughout the political economy and continued to justify such criticisms through arguing that the complete abolition of private property would equate to the removal of inequalities and eventually the elimination of the class struggle. Furthermore, it must be recognised that the political economy was premised upon the notion of private property and material ownership and when considering this further Marx argued that private property wasnt an explanation captured within the essence of human nature but rather a superficially constructed consequence of the political economies regard for the stratification of the economic class system. Ultimately, Marx argued for the free expression of everyone within society and the consequent desirability that rooted itself within his argument for communism as it was reliant upon the recognition of human freedom within the production process. In conclusion it is evident that the basis for Marxs critique of political economy is reliant upon the implications of the negative relationship established between the abstract regard of labour and the consequent human alienation present within the capitalist economic structure. Such critique continued through to his perspective of Smith and Ricardo and the apparent recognition Marx felt toward the evident disregard for the proletarian economic class. Ultimately it has been argued that Marxs desire for true communism, particularly when concerning the freedom of human nature, has established that the dominant criticism throughout the evaluation of classical political economy is the concept of the exploitive nature of the capitalist mode of production and the implications for inequalities that are established within society as a consequence of such a struggle.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Attention Deficit Disorder :: essays research papers

Attection Deficit Disorder To be nobody-but-myself--in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make you everybody else-means to fight the hardest battle which any human being can fight, and never stop fighting. -E.E. Cummings, 1958 Attention Deficit Disorder is a long and some what mysterious sounding name that tries to describe something you probably already call Hyperactivity. But, attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is much more that Hyperactivity. History of ADD In 1902 children who demonstrated many of the symptoms that are today part of attention deficit disorder would be described as children with "morbid defects in moral control". In the 1940's, children exhibiting this form of behavior were diagnosed with "brain injured syndrome" because children with brain injuries from disease or trauma behave in much the same way. Any child displaying these behaviors regardless of evidence of brain injury were diagnosed as having brain injury syndrome. What Causes ADD? ADD may be caused by a abnormally from trauma, disease, fetal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, or high levels of Lead. In parts of the brain there is a diminished activity in the morphology and frontal region of the brain. Statistics of ADD Most of the diagnosis is at childhood. Experts say that over 2 million (3 to 5%) children have ADD. About 50% of these 2 million children who have ADD are believed to be underachievers. Also with this 50% the children are believed to have social and academic difficulties. About 40% of the 2 million have a 40% IQ discrepancy. The glad part is that 80% - 90% of these children receive medication for there problem, but most of them still need behavior modifications. Most schools help with that. Behaviors Observed in ADD Some characteristics are: -Makes careless mistakes in school work. -Dislikes tasks that involve sustaining mental effort. -Has difficulty sustaining attention. -Does not seem to listen when spoken to. -Often loses things. -Does not follow through on instructions. -Often distracted. -Has difficulty organizing tasks. -Often forgetful in daily activities. Six or more of the following symptoms will result in the diagnosis of peractivity- impulsivity: Hyperactivity Impulsivity Fidgets or squirms Often talks excessively Often leaves seat in classroom Often blurts out answers Often runs about inappropriately Often has difficulty waiting turn Difficulty playing quietly Often interrupts others Also while the person with ADD gets older the Impulsivity gets more consistent. Usually girls don't show Impulsivity as much as guys. How To Help ADD In The Classroom Researchers have identified classroom characteristics which promote success for many children that have ADD: -predictability -structure -shorter work periods -small teacher to pupil ratio -more individualized instruction -interesting curriculum -use of positive reinforcements The teachers attitude is very helpful if she/he has the following characteristics: