Chemistry Review of pOH Calculations

Sometimes you are asked to calculate pOH rather than pH. Heres a review of the pOH definition and an example calculation. Acids, Bases, pH and pOH There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH and pOH refer to hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration, respectively. The p in pH and pOH stands for negative logarithm of and is used to make it easier to work with extremely large or small values.  pH and pOH are only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ⇆ H OH- When calculating pOH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Find pOH Using Calculations There are a few different formulas you can use to calculate pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration, or the pH (if you know pOH): pOH -log10[OH-][OH-] 10-pOHpOH pH 14 for any aqueous solution pOH Example Problems Find the [OH-] given the pH or pOH. You are given that the pH 4.5. pOH pH 14pOH 4.5 14pOH 14 - 4.5pOH 9.5 [OH-] 10-pOH[OH-] 10-9.5[OH-] 3.2 x 10-10 M Find the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution with a pOH of 5.90. pOH -log[OH-]5.90 -log[OH-]Because youre working with log, you can rewrite the equation to solve for the hydroxide ion concentration: [OH-] 10-5.90To solve this, use a scientific calculator and enter 5.90 and use the /- button to make it negative and then press the 10x key. On some calculators, you can simply take the inverse log of -5.90. [OH-] 1.25 x 10-6 M Find the pOH of a chemical solution if the hydroxide ion concentration is 4.22 x 10-5 M. pOH -log[OH-]pOH -log[4.22 x 10-5] To find this on a scientific calculator, enter 4.22 x 5 (make it negative using the /- key), press the 10x key, and press equal to get the number in scientific notation. Now press log. Remember your answer is the negative value (-) of this number.pOH - (-4.37)pOH 4.37 Understand Why pH pOH 14 Water, whether its on its own or part of an aqueous solution, undergoes self-ionization which can be represented by the equation: 2 H2O ⇆ H3O OH- Equilibrium forms between the unionized water and the hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. The expression for the equilibrium constant Kw is: Kw [H3O][OH-] Strictly speaking, this relationship is only valid for aqueous solutions at 25 °C because that is when the value of Kw is 1 x 10-14. If you take the log of both side of the equation: log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  log  [H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] (Remember, when numbers are multiplied, their logs are added.) log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  -  14-  14  Ã‚  log[H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] Multiplying both sides of the equation by -1: 14  Ã‚  -  log  [H3O]  -  log  [OH-] pH is defined as  -  log  [H3O] and pOH is defined as -log  [OH-], so the relation becomes: 14 pH - (-pOH)14 pH pOH

Conflict In Israel, Israel And The Arab War - 925 Words

The turmoil in the Levant region is constantly viewed as an ancient conflict that has been going on for centuries, fueled by religious hatred. In reality the current conflict has less to do with religion than the conflicting claims of two groups to the same region. These claims were made in the early 20th century, anticipating the fall of the Ottoman Empire, with the backing of British promises of an independent state for both sides. These claims stoked nationalism on both sides. The regional arabs began to see themselves as Palestinian before arabs and the new jewish zionist movement called for a jewish state. From the end of the first world war to 1947 both groups claimed the land as their own. That was until the Holocaust. The†¦show more content†¦Many viewed this as the beginning of the end of the greater Israeli-Arab conflict. Gradually over the next few decades the surrounding arab nations came to peace with the existence of Israel. But this also marked the beginning of the modern Israeli-Palestinian conflict because Israel still occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The occupation led to the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964. They hoped to liberate all of Palestine through violence and destroy the state of Israel. The fighting between Israel and the PLO went on for years. The PLO later conceded and were willing to share the territory with Israel but there was a major issue. After the annexation of Gaza and the West Bank, Israeli citizens began to settle in the former Palestinian territories. These communities attracted Israelis for various reasons. Many created settlements to claim the land for religious or political reasons, while others capitalized on the inexpensive real estate in the region. The rise of settlements in the occupied regions brought about international criticism due to their legality. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits the occupation of territories in a war. Despite this the Israeli government maintains that their settlement are legal because the territories obtained in the Six Days War do not apply to the Fourth Geneva Convention. The governments complacency withShow MoreRelatedThe Arab Israeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The confl ict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. This Holy Land is sacred among theRead MoreSuper Power Involvement in the Middle East1401 Words   |  6 PagesUSSR and US were in engaged in a war by proxy, which is very easy to identify if you analyze the conflicts in the Middle East from 1948 until, and including, the Yom Kippur War of 1978. The superpowers would employ tactics such as supplying their various ‘allies’ in the Middle East with weapons and finances which would afford them the ability to engage in the many conflicts that took place in that period such as the Suez Crisis, Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War. All of this was done without eitherRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict Between Arab Nations And Israel1508 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesArab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the political tension and military conflicts amongst certain Arab nations and Israel. The conflict began as a struggle over land, or the area now known as Palestine. 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Internet Free Essays

It may take a village to raise a child, but it takes a society to raise a generation. The millennial generation also known as ‘Generation Y’ is a generation with their birth years ranging from 1982 – 2002, in which their attitudes and values concerning how work relates to the rest part of life. People in this generation, though more religiously unaffiliated than previous generations often are just as likely to hold traditional views about spirituality as theirs elders. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The millennial generation is incredibly technologically oriented as well, which may explain certain social traits they possess. Millennials have grown up immersed in ever-evolving technology. They are typically very technologically oriented, especially when it comes to social networking phenomena such as Facebook and Twitter. This may also explain why millennials are constantly connected to their peers on social networking sites. It is a multitasking way of life for most millennials, who are often immersed in several forms of communications (such as email, instant messaging, texting) all at once. All these are possible through the use of the internet. The internet is a global system of inter-connected computer networks that use the Standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as inter-linked hypertext documents of World Wide Web (www) and infrastructure to support email. The origins of internet reach back to the researches of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. The commercialization of what was by in the 1990s, an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2. 4 billion people- over a third of the world’s human population have used the services of the internet. The internet as so far being a blessing in disguise to the millennial generation. Although, the internet can be accessed in so many ways but the most pervasive is through the computer. Millennials use the computer both for work and personal use. From researches made, eighty-three percent of millenials use a computer for work and spends about seventeen hours on it each week. One out of five millennials use their computers for work for forty or more hours per week. Millennials who spend time on computers for personal use range from five hours per week to thirty hours per week. The average is seventeen hours per week. If these numbers are put together, it is something shocking. The average millennial spends seventeen hours per week on a computer for personal use. That totals thirty-four hours per week on a computer. That means that roughly one-third of millennials’ working lives are spent on computers. The internet provides access to a lot of information. Some of them are very useful in jobs and studies. Information can also be collated easily. Thus, the benefits of the internet are not far-fetched, likewise its disadvantages because it plays a part in our day-to-day activities. Shopping is one very important thing but of course, everything seen cannot be bought and also not all shopping websites can be trusted. It is required to select what is to be bought, fill in some forms and click. With just a simple click, payments for goods and services can be done via credit cards which will transfer money from the buyer’s bank account. Nowadays, almost every bigger banks offer money-transfer than going to the bank. Transferring money by traditional means may take a lot of days. Using the internet can do this in a few seconds. But most people fear the hackers. A hacker is someone who breaks into computing systems to damage it. He enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems of how to stretch their capabilities. This makes some people think that their money can easily be stolen by hackers. But it is not true because the internet has a very good protection which makes transactional codes practically unbreakable. Internet mailing is another very important aspect. Mails when sent get to their destinations under few seconds. For instance, when a millennial wants to inform his relatives that live far away about an issue, he copuld just send them emails of course which is not only texts but movies and photographs inclusive. The Internet has now become the best business tool in the modern scenario. Today, it has brought the world in one single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at your fingertips. The Internet has tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services such as faster communication. The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. How to cite Internet, Papers

Non-Human Primate-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Do Non-Human Primates have Culture? Answer: Introduction Culture is the extra somatic character of human being, is a complex whole. It incorporates knowledge, art, belief, morals, customs, laws and any other characteristics inhabited by man as a part of the society. Social behavior on the other hand is the behavior directed towards the society or taking place between members of the same species. Both culture and social behavior are the exclusive characteristics inherited by man as they are the only one to live in a social grouping. To be precise, the primates are the only animals that forms social group. Man being a part of the order primate reflects the highest specialization in case of social grouping and social behavior that lead to the formation of culture. This social behavior and possibly culture is present in some other higher group of primate. This question is under constant debate over decades if the non-human primates have culture. This study will focus on the social behavior of the non-human primates and seek evidence of culture among them. It will further relate to the pre-human forms to assume their behavior. Behavior of Non-human Primates The social behavior of the non-human primates explores a wide range due to their arboreal and terrestrial nature. Almost all the non-human primates enjoy strong social bonding and lives in organized social groups. Some of the social behavior of different non-human primate is expressed in the following section. Communication Pika and Liebal (2012) identified a wide range of communication mechanism exists among the non-human primates. However, none of them have articulated any kind of verbal language. They use their bodily parts for their communication within the group. They can be like making sound, facial expression and gesture, olfactory signals, grooming and touching. The facial expression is believed to convey their psychological state. Moreover, they use their gesture to communicate with other animals for defending their home ground. It is a mechanism used by the primates for displaying threat for intimidating other animals. It includes grunting, yawning, ground slapping, branch shaking and many more to threaten the predators and keep them away from their territory and group members. Smelling mechanism on the other hand is prevalent among the prosimian monkeys. They use to mark their territory. Grooming is another mode of communication among the non-human primates. It is evident in every group of pr imate. It is believed to increase the social bonding of the group members and reflects their affection towards each others. Hence, for the non-human primates, grooming is more than just a mechanism to keep them hygiene. They are likely to sit in a circle formation and groom the member sitting in front of them. Selection of mate and grouping Emery Thompson (2013) on the other hand focused his study on the mate selection mechanism prevails in different types of non-human primate and the type of grouping. The orangutans, lemurs and galagos are the only groups that follow single mother and offspring grouping. The males usually lead their lives alone for the most of the time. They only connect to their groups during the mating season. Gibbons on the other hand lives a follows the monogamous grouping where the male and the female lives with their offspring. Polygynous mating is prevalent among gorillas. It is the concept of single male multiple female. The most prevalent mating that is found among most the non-human primates is the multi-female, multi-male where the no stable heterosexual bond is evidenced. The group members cumulatively share their sexual partners with all the group members. Dubuc et al. (2014) on the other hand, highlight. Ranking The evidence of dominance hierarchy is also evidence among the non-human primates. A study conducted by Lefevre et al. (2014) identifies that non-human primates also follows dominancy hierarchy. Every group has a dominant individual who is likely to lead the whole group. The leaders are basically selected according to their physical appearance and strength. The individual with largest body structure and physical strength are more likely to become the leader of the groupo. Each group has a male leader and a female leader. The male leader is termed as alpha male and the female leader is referred as alpha female. The rest of the group is bound to follow the leadership of alpha male and alpha female. Tool making Some of the higher level non-human primate reflects the deliberate use of tool in their daily life activities. The chimpanzee, orangutan, capuchin and gorilla use simple tools for getting their food and water. The tools they use ranges a wide variety such as twigs, wads of chewed leaves and stones. They use stones to break nuts, twigs to extract termites from their nests and wads as sponges to absorb drinking water. They also use sticks to fetch honey from the combs and to take seeds from ripe Nessia tree fruit. Hence, it is confirmed that the non-human primates has the knowledge of using the tools according to their needs. However, it is still under debate if they know how to make them. Many scholars believe that the non-human primates use these tools for making their jobs easy, but they dont know how to make one. They just collect the materials and use the things they find useful for their work. Hence, the tool making knowledge is absent among the primates. However, this intelligen ce reflected by the higher level non-human primates led many to believe that the primates are capable or will become capable of making tools themselves. They related their thoughts with the Australopithecus, as they were believed to be tool users instead of makers (Matsuzawa, 2008). All these studies conducted by different scholars highlighted the presence of high level of social behavior among the non-human primates. Though they could not develop language for communication, they have achieved a proficient communication mechanism. However, it does not justify the presence of culture among the non-human primates as it is a more complex idea. Non-human primates are no doubt social beings living is social groups, but they lack what it needs to be called culture. Behavioural Ecology of Non-Human Primates and Earliest Ancestors Study of non-human primates has yielded interesting facts about the human evolution and about the earlier ancestors. The non-human primates specifically the great apes- orang-utan, chimpanzee, gorilla and bonobos, are closely related to humans according to genetic data. The non-human primates co-existed with the earliest human ancestors and they simultaneously separated in two divergent ways. These non-human primates moved around via brachiating and knuckle walking, and still do, but human ancestors on the other hand had evolved, based on their anatomy and had shifted to quadrupedal and later bipedal mode of locomotion. The ecology of these non-human primates favored their mode of locomotion but as the humans started to migrate outside, they picked up the bipedal mode, and these change of behavior and environment brought out an evolutionary change. Their gait became erect following some physiological changes, like appearance of chin, more centrally placed foramen of magnum, formation of linea-aspera, among many. Because of the erect posture now, the hands of these earliest men were free, for the first time and they used it to grasp and hold things. After sometime, they started to use stones, bones, and wood as tools and weapons. They formed a toolki t and eventually it gave rise to a culture. Humans have since then evolved a lot and have built civilizations and societies, but the non human primates are still living in, more or less, the same environment they inhabited in the ancient times. Comparative study of these non-human primates shed light on the question of primate culture, particularly with respect to their behavioral ecology. Chimpanzees have been seen to build sleeping nests made of twigs and leaves. In addition, these behaviors are observed to have been imitated by young primates from their adult counterparts. At times, these apes are found using stones to crack open nuts, sticks for ant-fishing, leaves to sit on and sometimes even using the leaves to clean themselves after excreting or sexual intercourse. These non -human primates dietary pattern was based on their food sources, which depended on their habitat and environment, and they were mainly frugivorous, flavored, insectivore, and omnivore. Initially the human ancestors also shared this dietary pattern. Eventually the dietary patter evolved into a more complex foraging-hunting mode. Conclusion These fascinating examples provide some insights and suggest how the earliest human ancestors began to develop culture as a key form of adaptation to various environments. By examining the modern day non-human primate, we might be able to reconstruct the ways of the earliest ancestors in a more detailed way. However, the constant evolution of man helped them achieve culture where the other primate lacks. Hence, the non-human primates are in a stage of evolution that distinguish human and early hominids from other primates. The non-human primates may or may not further evolve to some stage where they might attain culture, but currently they are have not yet attain culture, despite of demonstration of social behavior. References Emery Thompson, M. (2013). Comparative reproductive energetics of human and nonhuman primates.Annual Review of Anthropology,42, 287-304. Lefevre, C. E., Wilson, V. A., Morton, F. B., Brosnan, S. F., Paukner, A., Bates, T. C. (2014). Facial width-to-height ratio relates to alpha status and assertive personality in capuchin monkeys.PloS one,9(4), e93369. Matsuzawa, T. (2008). Primate foundations of human intelligence: a view of tool use in nonhuman primates and fossil hominids. InPrimate origins of human cognition and behavior(pp. 3-25). Springer Japan. Miller, B. (2011). Cultural Anthropology, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Pika, S., Liebal, K. (Eds.). (2012).Developments in primate gesture research(Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing.