Saudi Arabia profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saudi Arabia profile - Essay Example As on account of numerous other Middle Eastern nations, larger part of the land territory are deserts with some rough mountains in the southwest. Hot and sticky climatic conditions win in Saudi during a time with a special case of just barely any months. 78.8% proficiency is accounted for in Saudi according to the 2010 insights. Saudi guys are increasingly educated (84.7%) than Saudi females (70.8%). Baby death rate is 11.57 passings/1,000 live births as per the 2010 insights. Ladies overwhelm in future rates in Saudi with 78 years against 74 years of the guys. Over 35% of the Saudi workforce are from remote nations and administration part is the significant income source in Saudi (63%) trailed by industry (25%) and horticulture (12%). 2010 measurements show that GDP of Saudi is $623 billion and yearly development rate is 3.8%. Per capita of Saudi populace is one among the bests on the planet with an appealing figure of $24,200. Gold and oil are the significant normal assets or income wellsprings of Saudi. Prior to the disclosure of oil sources in Middle East, gold mining and fishing were a portion of the significant income wellsprings of Saudi. Hydrocarbons, uranium, coal, phosphate, and tungsten are some other characteristic assets of Saudi Arabia. Surface water sources give 10% of the Saudi’s drinking needs though 84% gives by ground water sources. Desalinated seawater utilized for the drinking needs (5%), yet in addition for producing electric force. Despite the fact that the climatic conditions are not very great for farming, dates, grains and vegetables are developed at certain pieces of Saudi Arabia. As on account of lion's share of the other Middle Eastern nations, fare of oil based goods is the significant income wellspring of Saudi Arabia. Oil and oil based goods fare of Saudi worth around $253 billion though its imports (fabricated products, transportation gear, garments and materials, prepared

AS Music Baroque Ensemble Music Free Essays

Music History Project 4: Baroque gathering music: 1. What is implied by adjusted structure? Talk about its beginnings and primary areas. For what reason was redundancy so significant for Baroque arrangers? Adjusted structure is the place the initial section in the tonic key holds returning around, the most well-known example by and large being ABACA. We will compose a custom article test on AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The An area is known as the hold back or adjusted and the non-A sections are called scenes or couplets. The adjusted structure began in France, and was first the name of a medieval melody with a rehashing design. Later authors n the Classical period wanted to utilize the Italian spelling of the word, rondo. Reiteration in Baroque music was significant for writers and crowds, since arrangers of the Baroque time regularly composed immense measures of music as a major aspect of their business, so were nearly compelled to embrace such efficient techniques. Crowds of the Baroque time additionally couldn't quick advance, rewind or replay portions of music like we can today, so reiteration permitted the crowd to remain on target, and not lose the plot of the piece. 2. The twofold structure in Baroque music: portray the structure and remark on similarity as would happen in the various segments: A tremendous measure of Baroque pieces, particularly ones dependent on moves, are in paired structure, which is music where there are two unmistakably separate areas, each typically rehashed. The letters ABA are regularly used to depict double structure in music. The two areas may be comparative long, or the second may be longer than the first. In parallel structure, segment A typically starts in the tonic key, and afterward finishes in another key, regularly the prevailing, or if the beginning key is minor, for example, segment A might end in its relative major. Segment B, in any case, as a rule experiences keys not recently heard in the piece, and afterward finishes in the tonic key. 3. Thoroughly analyze Baroque instrumental music with that of the Renaissance : Instrumental music was significantly more significant and abundant in the Baroque time frame than it had recently been, the point at which most of music was vocal. The improved instrument innovation helped, and permitted and urged arrangers to grow truly instrumental methods of composing. A great part of the Renaissance time frame music was composed for voices just, and some Renaissance style music for instruments is vocal in its character. The more vocal styles of Renaissance music, diverging from the instrumental music of the Baroque time frame is the principle contrast between the two. 4. In sections of around 75 words outlines data on the accompanying Baroque instrumental families: Strings Woodwind Brass Keyboard Strings: The primary Violins, Violas and Cellos were made in Italy in the late sixteenth century. For quite a while, these instruments, called the Violin family, were utilized nearby instruments from the Viol family, however continuously surpassed them in notoriety. The Baroque bow was straight or curve formed as opposed to internal bending as today, the edge was imperceptibly lower, and its bend shallower, which thusly made various halting simpler. The neck bowed back at a marginally bigger point, and with the lower connect, along these lines put the strings at a lower pressure, making the sound less amazing. Woodwind: Recorders were vigorously utilized all through the Baroque time frame, the most ordinarily utilized sort being f alto (treble). Recorders dropped out of utilization after the Baroque time frame, returning into utilization in the late twentieth century. Ornate woodwinds were typically made out of wood, with finger openings and Just one key for a difficult to arrive at bass note. The done woodwinds did not have a portion of the sound nature of current metal ones; they couldn't arrive at such high notes, and were held sideways. Oboe players delivered sound, equivalent to they despite everything do right up 'til the present time, by blowing between two reeds. The Baroque oboe created from the Shawn, an all the more impressive, even cruel instrument, which was frequently played outside. In some Baroque pieces, oboes multiplied (played indistinguishable parts from) violins, however they in some cases had solo jobs. Metal: Trumpets in Baroque music were regularly associated with illustrious and military services, and were consequently viewed as an uncommon instrument. They had no valves, so various notes were played by the artist utilizing diverse lip pressures. Early metal instruments without valves are called ‘natural’. Trombones were to a great extent preferred in Venice in the early sass’s, principally in stylized music for execution in chapel. Rococo trombones were less amazing than present day ones, so could along these lines be better joined with milder instruments. To recognize current from Baroque instruments, the last are for the most part known as ‘sackbuts’, or ‘sackbuts’. Horns are found in some later Baroque pieces, including Bach’s Brandenburg concerto No. , which incorporates a horn called corn father acacia, (Italian for ‘hunting horn’). The crown father acacia shared the adjusted state of the advanced horn, yet needed valves and had a lighter, more brilliant sound, and was regularly utilized in sharp areas of pieces. Console: Harpsichords are console instruments which have strings that are precisely culled when the keys are squeezed. Harpsichords from the Baroque time frame shift in tone and development from nation to nation. Clavichords are console instruments that have strings which are hit by tangents’ when the keys, which have a teeter-totter like activity, are squeezed. In the Baroque time frame, Clavichords were utilized for the most part in Germany. They had a peaceful sound, which along these lines made them wrong for use at large open shows, yet perfect for making music at home. In contrast to Harpsichords, Clavichords were contact delicate, and thusly, alongside the sledge sound creation, they resembled present day pianos. Organs differed inconceivably in their size, development and tone. German organs regularly had at least two manuals and pedals. English organs, then again, typically had no pedals and once in a while more than one manual. 5. What is implied by ‘retooling? Retooling structure is the structure that numerous late Baroque pieces, particularly those from concertos, are in. The structure is like Rounded, yet increasingly refined. An initial section is heard on at least two events all through the piece, however not in every case essentially in full, with different entries in the middle. These purported ‘in between’ entries, once in a while much longer than the wildness, are called ‘episodes’ and are regularly for less instruments. A retooling can likewise be an instrumental section inside a vocal piece. . Depict quickly the structure off ordinary Baroque suite: There is no cut out example of development in Baroque suites, however later models incorporated the accompanying moves, in a specific order: Allemande: generally moderate speed or genuinely moderate, in 4/4 time, with a short p eppy and a lot of delicate semiquaver development. Current: speedy or genuinely snappy, in 3/4 or 3/2 Serenade: slow triple time, typically 3/4, regularly with the second beat of the bar underlines. Segue; fast and exuberant, typically in a compound time, for example, 12/8 7. Clarify how Baroque writers would develop the moves that would show up in a suite. What changes would they bring into their music? Moves are for the most part in double structure, yet authors in some cases expanded their work in one of the accompanying ways: Two moves of a similar kind (both parallel) show up in the request first move, second move, first move rehashed, delivering a sort of ternary (ABA) structure. Two forms of a solitary move are given, the first ‘plain’, the second with significantly more ornamentation included. Some cutting edge entertainers play the plain move total, with the two segments rehashed and afterward the twofold correspondingly. Extravagant arrangers may have some of the time played either the plain move or the twofold, not both. The most effective method to refer to AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music, Papers

The Life & Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche :: Biographies Biographical Essays

The Life and Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Reasoning Class Essay Born: 1844. Rocken, Germany Died: 1900. Weimar, Germany Major Works: The Gay Science (1882), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), Significant IDEAS Self duplicity is an especially damaging trait of West Culture. Life is The Will To Power; our normal want is to rule and reshape the world to accommodate our own inclinations and affirm our individual solidarity to the fullest degree conceivable. Battle, through which people accomplish a level of intensity similar with their capacities, is the fundamental reality of human presence. Standards of human balance propagate average quality - a reality that has been misshaped and disguised by present day esteem frameworks. Christian profound quality, which distinguishes goodness with resignation what's more, servility is the prime offender in making a social atmosphere that impedes the drive for greatness and self acknowledgment God is dead; another period of human imagination and accomplishment is close by. - Great Thinkers In The Western World. By: Ian P. McGreal, 1992 Prelude Much data is accessible on Mr. Friedrich Nietzsche, including numerous books that he kept in touch with himself, during his philosophical profession. I took this as a decent sign I would discover a wellspring of illuminated material delivered by the man. I've needed to experience my very own touch philosophical contemplations to put my own worth decisions aside, and genuinely search for the commitments Nietzsche provided for reasoning. Quite a bit of my comprehension came simply after I had a grip of Neitzsche's history; along these lines, I urge you to peruse up on his history before jumping into his way of thinking (see Appendix I). The present day Westerner may differ with each part of his way of thinking, however there are numerous things one should tragically concede are valid (just in the event that you set your profound quality aside). Along these lines, from here, I will introduce his commitments to reasoning, and put forth a valiant effort to erase my own suppositions, other than to state that he was not the picked subject of this paper out of any profound respect. THE PHILOSOPHY OF FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE Once in a while reasoning is designated immortal, inferring that it's exercises are of incentive to any age. This might be difficult to find in Nietzsche's work; in any case, we are guaranteed that it was fitting idea for his time. Be that as it may, indeed, even Nietzsche's faultfinders concede that his words hold an irrefutable truth, as hard for what it's worth to acknowledge. Maybe this is the reason his work is ageless, and has endure 150 years in print.

Anguish in Gerard Manley Hopkins Poetry - Literature Essay Samples

In much of the poetry of Gerard Manly Hopkins it is his mental anguish and suffering that strikes a chord with the reader. The extreme nature of his suffering can be seen most clearly in two of his terrible sonnets, â€Å"No worst, there is none† and â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark†, which were written towards the end of his life. In his poem â€Å"Felix Randal† we see Hopkins first begin to doubt Gods goodness, a theme that is carried through to the terrible sonnets. Even in Hopkins’ more light and joyous poetry, such as â€Å"Spring† and â€Å"The Windhover†, there is an underlying theme of redemption, hinting at the questions of sin and forgiveness that torment the poet. However, not all of Hopkins’ poetry is defined by despair and anguish. Many of his earlier poems such as â€Å"Pied Beauty† focus on the beauty and wonder of nature. While reading Hopkins’ poetry, it is evident to me that he was keenly aware that mankind was sinful. In â€Å"Spring†, Hopkins takes a more positive view of the theme of redemption, asking Jesus to preserve the innocence of children â€Å"before it cloy, / Before it cloud†. Although masked by the light verbal music of the poem, it is clear that Hopkins is highly conscious of sin, suggesting the unease and torment that fills his mind. A similar obsession with sin and redemption is evident in â€Å"The Windhover†, in which Hopkins uses the metaphor of Christ as a â€Å"chevalier† battling against sin, to express his feelings. Hopkins describes the effect the bird had on his harassed mind, â€Å"My heart in hiding / Stirred for a bird†. The use of sprung rhythm particularly emphasizes the contrast between the poet’s current state of joyous appreciation, and his previous feelings of doubt and torment. Hopkins generates a powerful, unpredic table music as he describes the gruesome death of Christ as â€Å"a billion / Times told lovelier†, once again showing how his restless mind continued to return to thoughts of sin and redemption. We first encounter the theme of religious doubt in the poem â€Å"Felix Randal†. In a moving portrayal of mental and physical suffering Hopkins describes how the â€Å"big-boned and hardy-handsome† Felix Randal was broken by sickness. Felix curses God, and though Hopkins, a young priest, comforts him, it is clear that the poet is also beginning to doubt God’s fundamental mercy. His inner monologue runs between the octet and the sestet, and his personal cry of anguish is evident in his conclusion that â€Å"This seeing the sick endears them to us, us too it endears.† â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark† explores intense states of religious doubt. Hopkins is in a terrible state and calls out to God for help. He uses the metaphor of his prayers as â€Å"dead letters† that are sent to â€Å"dearest him that lives alas! Away†. There is even a sense in which the poet thinks that God wants him to suffer. He writes, â€Å"I am gall, I am h eartburn.† He resents God for trapping him in his body, which he sees as a burden, or a cage in which his tormented soul is encased. Two of Hopkins’ terrible sonnets describe his descent into mental torment. â€Å"No worst, there is none† could be described as a howl of mental torment. Hopkins creates an unpleasant verbal music with the line â€Å"Pitched past pitch of grief†. This jarring cacophony reflects his suffering. His mind is being â€Å"wrung† like a dishcloth, while his psyche is mangled and choked by the torment that afflicts him. â€Å"I wake and feel the fell of dark† captures the poets terrible insomnia when the night seems to stretch on and on. He compares his mental anguish to a terrible unending journey of dark â€Å"ways† and awful â€Å"sights†. It is clear from both the language and the metaphors used that the poet is gripped by doubt, confusion and despair. While much of Hopkins’ later poetry is characterized by feelings of misery and hopelessness, his earlier poetry is largely an inspired and ecstatic response to nature’s beauty. In â€Å"Spring†, Hophins uses inscape to capture the unique essence and individuality of all that resides in â€Å"Eden garden†. He describes thrush’s eggs as â€Å"little low heavens†, marveling in their unique nature and energy, while also connecting them with the beauty and grandeur of heaven. There is a similar atmosphere of joyous celebration in â€Å"Pied Beauty†. Hopkins uses instress to highlight the divine energy that runs through all of nature. The use of sibilance in the line â€Å"swift, slow; sweet, sour† captures the diversity and beauty of nature. There is no evidence of mental anguish or suffering in â€Å"Peed Beauty†. Hopkins even reduces the typical Petrarchan sonnet to a curtail sonnet to further highlight the originality and d ifferences in nature that he is celebrating. While examining six of Hopkins’ poems, it becomes obvious that from his earliest days as a priest, he experienced underlying feelings of doubt and misery. While these feelings were often healed and diverted by an appreciation of nature, it is clear from Hopkins’ later poetry that his feelings of anguish and mental torment eventually overtook him, and his unwavering faith in God faded.

Southern Dispersal Route How Humans First Left Africa

The Southern Dispersal Route refers to a theory that an early group of modern human beings left Africa between 130,000–70,000 years ago. They moved eastward, following the coastlines of Africa, Arabia, and India, arriving in Australia and Melanesia at least as early as 45,000 years ago. It is one of what appears now to have been multiple migration paths that our ancestors took as they left out of Africa. Coastal Routes Modern Homo sapiens, known as Early Modern Humans, evolved in East Africa between 200,000–100,000 years ago, and spread throughout the continent. The main southern dispersal hypothesis starts 130,000–70,000 years ago in South Africa, when and where modern Homo sapiens lived a generalized subsistence strategy based on hunting and gathering coastal resources like shellfish, fish, and sea lions, and terrestrial resources such as rodents, bovids, and antelope. These behaviors are recorded at archaeological sites known as Howiesons Poort/Still Bay. The theory suggests some people left South Africa and followed the eastern coast up to the Arabian peninsula and then traveled along the coasts of India and Indochina, arriving in Australia by 40,000–50,000 years ago. The notion that humans might have used coastal areas as pathways of migration was first developed by American geographer Carl Sauer in the 1960s. Coastal movement is part of other migration theories including the original out of Africa theory and the Pacific coastal migration corridor thought to have been used to colonize the Americas at least 15,000 years ago. Southern Dispersal Route: Evidence Archaeological and fossil evidence supporting the Southern Dispersal Route includes similarities in stone tools and symbolic behaviors at several archaeological sites throughout the world. South Africa: Howiesons Poort/Stillbay sites such as Blombos Cave,  Klasies River Caves, 130,000–70,000Tanzania: Mumba Rock Shelter (~50,000–60,000)United Arab Emirates: Jebel Faya (125,000)India: Jwalapuram (74,000) and PatneSri Lanka: Batadomba-lenaBorneo: Niah Cave (50,000–42,000)Australia: Lake Mungo and Devils Lair Chronology of the Southern Dispersal The site of Jwalapuram in India is key to dating the southern dispersal hypothesis. This site has stone tools which are similar to Middle Stone Age South African assemblages, and they occur both before and after the eruption of the Toba volcano in Sumatra, which has recently been securely dated to 74,000 years ago. The power of the massive volcanic eruption was largely considered to have created a wide swath of ecological disaster, but because of the findings at Jwalapuram, the level of devastation has recently come under debate. There were several other species of humans sharing planet earth at the same time as the migrations out of Africa: Neanderthals, Homo erectus, Denisovans, Flores, and Homo heidelbergensis). The amount of interaction Homo sapiens had with them during their sojourn out of Africa, including what role the EMH had with the other hominins disappearing from the planet, is still widely debated. Stone Tools and Symbolic Behavior Stone tool assemblages in Middle Paleolithic East Africa were primarily made using a Levallois reduction method, and include retouched forms such as projectile points. These types of tools were developed during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 8, about 301,000-240,000 years ago. People leaving Africa took those tools with them as they spread eastward, arriving in Arabia by MIS 6–5e (190,000–130,000 years ago), India by MIS 5 (120,000–74,000), and in southeast Asia by MIS 4 (74,000 years ago). Conservative dates in southeast Asia include those at Niah Cave in Borneo at 46,000 and in Australia by 50,000–60,000. The earliest evidence for symbolic behavior on our planet is in South Africa, in the form of the use of red ochre as paint, carved and etched bone and ochre nodules, and beads made from deliberately perforated sea shells. Similar symbolic behaviors have been found at the sites which make up the southern diaspora: red ochre use and ritual burials at Jwalapuram, ostrich shell beads in southern Asia, and widespread perforated shells and shell beads, hematite with ground facets, and ostrich shell beads. There is also evidence for the long distance movement of ochres—ochre was so important a resource it was sought and curated—as well as engraved figurative and non-figurative art, and composite and complex tools such as stone axes with narrow waists and ground edges, and adzes made of marine shell. The Process of Evolution and Skeletal Diversity So, in summary, there is growing evidence that people began to leave Africa beginning at least as early as the Middle Pleistocene (130,000), during a period when the climate was warming. In evolution, the region with the most diverse gene pool for a given organism is recognized as a marker of its point of origin. An observed pattern of decreasing genetic variability and skeletal form for humans has been mapped with distance from sub-Saharan Africa. At the moment, the pattern of ancient skeletal evidence and modern human genetics scattered throughout the world best matches a multiple-event diversity. It seems that the first time we left Africa was from South Africa at least 50,000–130,000 then along and through the Arabian peninsula; and then there was a second outflow from East Africa through the Levant at 50,000 and then into northern Eurasia. If the Southern Dispersal Hypothesis continues to stand up in the face of more data, the dates are likely to deepen: there is evidence for early modern humans in southern China by 120,000–80,000 bp. Out of Africa TheorySouthern Dispersal RouteMultiregional Theory Sources Armitage, Simon J., et al. The Southern Route out of Africa: Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia. Science 331.6016 (2011): 453–56. Print.Boivin, Nicole, et al. Human Dispersal across Diverse Environments of Asia During the Upper Pleistocene. Quaternary International 300 (2013): 32–47. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., and Todd J. Braje. Coasting out of Africa: The Potential of Mangrove Forests and Marine Habitats to Facilitate Human Coastal Expansion Via the Southern Dispersal Route. Quaternary International 382 (2015): 31–41. Print.Ghirotto, Silvia, Luca Penso-Dolfin, and Guido Barbujani. Genomic Evidence for an African Expansion of Anatomically Modern Humans by a Southern Route. Human Biology 83.4 (2011): 477–89. Print.Groucutt, Huw S., et al. Stone Tool Assemblages and Models for the Dispersal of Homo Sapiens out of Africa. Quaternary International 382 (2015): 8–30. Print.Liu, Wu, et al. The Earliest Unequivocally Modern Humans in Southern China. Nature 526 (2015): 696. Print.Reyes-Centeno, Hugo, et al. Genomic and Cranial Phenotype Data Support Multiple Modern Human Dispersals from Africa and a Southern Route into Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.20 (2014): 7248–53. Print.Reyes-Centeno, Hugo, et al. Testing Modern Human out-of-Africa Dispersal Models Using Dental Nonmetric Data. Current Anthropology 58.S17 (2017): S406–S17. Print.

The Challenges Between Homosexuality And Feminism

The Challenges between Homosexuality and Feminism in the Christian Religion While dating back to approximately 2000 years ago, Christianity s influence on the modern world is ever-present. As one of oldest monotheistic religions today, Christianity has a diverse following to accommodate its diverse interpretations and thus denominations. For instance, as Christianity influenced the beliefs of the Roman Church, some followers did not entirely agree with its teachings. This caused a new branch of Christianity to emerge, known largely as Protestantism. As the Roman Church, grew in followers, the teachings taught often singled out certain individuals because of their sexual orientation or their right for equality, which posed a challenge to the religion itself. These challenges were seen as homosexuality and feminism. Homosexuality is a tough subject in the Roman Church because it alludes its followers to believe that God had intended for relationships to be between man and woman not man and man. It leads followers to believe that homosexuality is a sin, and the act alone should not be tolerated. Another challenge that the Roman Church now faces is Feminism. Feminist, fight for the equality between men and women. It believes that women should be ordained as priests like any other males, while also giving light on certain health resources that should be given to women. As homosexuality and feminism, delivered a challenge to the Roman Church, these challenges have also foundShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Quest For A Utopian World Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The proposed research work will be entitled â€Å"Homosexuality: Quest for a Utopian World†. 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Efficiency and Safety of Vaccination-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency and safety of vaccination in the pediatric population. Answer: Introduction: There are various different reasons behind the onset of medical adversities; however, the communicable diseases pose the most threatening of the medical adversities that pose the biggest and most critical to overcome challenge. There is a vast variety of different communicable diseases, and most of them contribute to the increasing mortality rates and co-morbidity in different age groups, although it has to be mentioned that the most of the detrimental impact of the communicable diseases is imparted on the health and wellbeing of the children. The annual rates of the pediatric mortality rate due to different communicable diseases are extremely high in this particular sector, and that is the reason the vaccination activity is the most emphasized for the pediatric populations (Al-Salem et al. 2012). The vaccines can be defined as one of the greatest achievements of the medical science and health care in general that has effectively revolutionized the heath care delivery when it comes to the communicable disease outbreaks. Now it has to be mentioned that the roles that vaccination has played is great; when considering the communicable outbreaks that have been endemic and epidemic scale in the absence of any sound intervention strategy like smallpox, polio, measles, rubella, and many more; and almost all of the mentioned communicable diseases outbreaks have the highest risk of targeting the pediatric populations. Hence, in order to implement a preventative strategy that can effectively decrease the alarmingly increasing mortality rates in the pediatric and neonatal population the vaccination procedure has a global emphasis on the pediatric population, and the strategy has been effective as well (Baggs et al. 2011). Although it has to be understood in this context that the vaccinat ion procedures have a lot of risks associated as well and if a strong safety and efficiency protocol in place, there can be many severe consequences that can potentially threaten the health and wellbeing of the children receiving the vaccination. This assignment will attempt to explore the need for safety and efficacy in vaccination and the procedures in place in the pediatric population emphasizing on the Saudi Arabian demographic context. Need For Safety and Efficiency: According to the Black et al. (2010), the vaccination procedure is designed and implemented in the hopes of providing mostly the children population, with a few adult vaccination exceptions, in order to provide acquired immunity against a few selective communicable infections. There are different types of vaccines that provide differential immunity and the type and dosage of the vaccination depends on the need of the recipient as per the age group that the individual must have. However, regardless of the type of vaccination pr the dosage of the vaccination that is being administered, the procedure must follow a meticulous and detailed safety protocol for the vaccines to be effective and avoid any chances of contamination and infection (Buttery et al. 2011). It has to be mentioned in this context that the safety procedures that are implemented for the vaccination procedures are multi- dimensional, and the safety and efficiency checking procedures are carried out in both the manufacturing- licensing phase and while in the health care facility as well. There are different authorative bodies that direct control and monitor the safety and efficacy of the different vaccines and dosage specifications and the centre for disease control and prevention or the CDC can be considered the most effective one. It has to be mentioned that the safety and efficacy of the vaccines are a serious concern in the public health scenario as there are many adverse effects that are associated will ill- controlled vaccination procedure implemented to the children. One prime example of the adverse effect of overwhelming impact of too many vaccines with too much dosage has a possible impact on development of autism and similar developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Hence, the efficiency and the relevance of the vaccines are meticulously checked and evaluated before it is even released in the market by the authorative bodies. However only checking the efficiency is nowhere near enough as the most of the threat to the children when it comes to faulty vaccination procedure is the safety protocol implemented in the vaccine administration procedure in the health care facility (Gee et al. 2011). According of a recent statistics the phenomenon of safe immunization process can be considered still a massive concern for the developing countries. There are major concerns that the emerging nations are facing when it comes to safe and effective immunization procedure, they are, right vaccine composition, handling, scheduling and administering the vaccines or injections, and the surveillance and evaluation of the vaccines being administered to the pediatric patients. Along with that, it has to be mentioned in this context that the safe waste disposal during the vaccine administration procedure, according to a recent statistics there are closely 1 billion injections administered annually on the patients for the immunization procedure. And along with that the unsafe injection administration is a regular event that occurs routinely in the developing nations and leads to many health adversities for the patient population. Hence, it can be mentioned here that the developing countries, ho wever very little are attempting the need for safe and effective monitoring on the vaccine administration procedure (Glanz et al. 2011). Safety practices in vaccine administration in Saudi Arabia: The country under emphasis in the vaccine administration safety review assignment is Saudi Arabia, and it has to be mentioned in this context that the nation has successfully achieve tremendous accomplishments in the sector for basic immunization coverage. In addition, the country has been able to successfully achieve the same by the means of a series of structured vaccination programs carried out in a well controlled a connected network of primary health care centres (Lee et al. 2011). However, there has been a brewing consensus regarding the safety of the programs both in design and implementation procedure mostly due to the lack of effective surveillance framework or program in the remote areas. In a pilot study, the incidence of adverse effects after immunization has been studies after the different vaccination programs that have been carried out on children aged 6 and lower. And hence it has to be mentioned in this context that in case of the DTP vaccination, which is the most c ommon and most abundantly administered vaccine in the pediatric populations can be the fact that the rate for adverse effects after immunization or AEFI are alarmingly high in the remote and rural areas. The incidence rate of the AEFI depended heavily upon the age of the child, vaccine preparation, clinical setting involved and the dosage schedule of the vaccination involved (Memish et al. 2013). It has to be mentioned in this context that the increase in the rte of adverse events after immunization is intricately linked with the different factors and the most of the adverse events occurred in the children during the first twenty four to forty eight hours of the vaccine administration. Despite the regular vaccination safety administration procedures the statistics of adverse events associated with the different kinds of adverse events associated with the vaccination process in Saudi Arabia is more than 90%. Elaborating more, close to more than 80% of the adverse events were discovered to be local reactions after the vaccine administration and along with that systemic reactions were reported soon after in the recipients in the 79% of the recipients. Fever has been discovered as the most crucial adverse event associated with the faulty and unsafe vaccination procedure closely followed by systemic reactions like vomiting, hypotonicity and irritation. Along with that, few of the studies focusing on the vaccination safety scenario of Saudi Arabia has also revealed the prevalence of behavioral reactions after the vaccination and the percentage of these long term reactions are almost more than 40%. There it can be concluded based on the statistical data represented above that the safety situation of vaccination procedure is in dire need of reform and the condition is worsening in case of the remote and rural areas (Al-Qatari 2010). Challenges and recommendations: In order to address the alarming condition of the vaccination safety and efficacy monitoring and implementation in the Saudi Arabia, it is crucial to discover all the different challenges associated with this situation. Now elaborating on the challenges it is also extremely important to explore and evaluate all the contributing factors associated with this situation so that a interventional strategy can be designed that can address all the challenges and successfully overcome the said challenges. First and foremost, it has to be mentioned that the most of the incidence rate in the pediatric population of AEFI has been reported in the remote areas where the health care delivery is limited and there is a significant lack of any surveillance and monitoring body overlooking the safety protocol compliance in the above mentioned demographic. it has to be mentioned in this context that the compliance rate to the vaccination safety procedures in place for Saudi Arabia primary health care fac ilities in the urban areas are much higher than what is observed in the rural or remote areas (Al-Qatari 2010). Hence, two of the most important contributing factors behind the present alarming condition are the lack of compliance rate and any surveillance or monitoring body in the remote areas overlooking the lack of compliance and care quality. Another very important factor that has been discovered in this context is the lack of knowledge and training in the existing staff in the remote areas in regards to the new and effective vaccination safety or safe vaccine administration activities that is being utilized globally. According to the Rehmani and Memon (2010), the most of training procedure and professional development programs are held in the urbanized clinical settings and hence the already understaffed facilities in the remote areas do not get the opportunity to adapt to the innovative safety techniques and protocols and hence the rate of ADFI keeps escalating. Lastly, the la ck of effective government initiative cannot be ignored in this discussion as well. It has to be mentioned that the lack of infrastructure in the rural areas are another grave contributing factor behind the escalating issue. A few recommendations that the Saudi Arabian health care authorities can atke into consideration in order to improve the present situation are: First and foremost, there is need for a strong and strict surveillance framework that will overlook the safety handling and administration procedure of the vaccines, and along with that, care needs to be taken to ensure that the remote areas are being regularly monitored as well for compliance to the protocols in place (Tse et al. 2012). Secondly, the lack of skills and training in the existing nursing staff also needs to be taken into consideration along with the low staffing situation in the primary health care facilities in the rural areas when compared to the urbanized regions (Weber et al. 2013). Training and professional development program involving the global authorities, executed in all the remote areas will eventually help the health care staff acquire better competence in handling and administering vaccines safely and effectively (Yih et al. 2011). Lastly, there is need for effective and collective efforts being invested from both the national government and the global health acre improvement authorities so that staffing and infrastructure of these regions can be improved and the children are no longer in risk for vaccine safety related health adversity (Yousif et al. 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that there are various concerns and issues with the safety and efficiency maintenance of the vaccinations that are being implemented in the pediatric population. In addition, the most of the adverse situation is in case of the developing nations. 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